Summary HIV/AIDS – Detailed Study Guide

HIV/AIDS – Detailed Study Guide

This study guide covers the biology, transmission, treatment, prevention, social
impact, and ethical issues related to HIV/AIDS.



I. Introduction to HIV/AIDS

 Definition and Difference Between HIV and AIDS
 History and Origin of HIV/AIDS
 Global and Regional Epidemiology
 Impact on Public Health and Society



II. Biology of HIV

A. Structure of HIV

 HIV as a Retrovirus
 Structure and Components

o Envelope Proteins (gp120, gp41)
o RNA Genome
o Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme

B. Life Cycle of HIV

1. Attachment and Entry – Binding to CD4 Receptors (T-helper cells)
2. Reverse Transcription – RNA to DNA conversion
3. Integration – HIV DNA integrates into host genome
4. Replication & Transcription – New viral RNA synthesis
5. Assembly & Maturation – New HIV particles formed
6. Budding & Release – Virus exits host cell to infect others



III. Transmission of HIV

A. Modes of Transmission

 Sexual Transmission (Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex)
 Bloodborne Transmission (Contaminated needles, transfusions)
 Mother-to-Child Transmission (During pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding)

B. Factors Affecting Transmission

 Viral Load and Infectiousness
 Co-infections (STIs, TB, Hepatitis)