BI 121 Exam Study Guide+Questions with
Complete Solutions
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. - ANSWER Anatomy is studies the
structure and shape of the body and physiology is the study of how the body works
All living things perform the same functions - ANSWER -Respond to changes in their
immediate environment
-Show adaptability
-Grow and reproduce
-Capable of some degree of movement
Characteristics of Life - ANSWER -Responsiveness- indicates that the organism
recognizes changes in its internal or external environment
-Adaptability- changes in the organism's behavior, capabilities, or structure
-Growth and Reproduction- increase in the size of the organism; producing new
organisms
-Movement- distributes materials; changes orientation or position; locomotion
Characteristics of Life - ANSWER -Respiration- absorption and utilization of O2, and the
generation and release of CO2
-Circulation- movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and special
vessels
-Digestion- chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the
organism
-Excretion- elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism
Levels of Organization - ANSWER -Organism
,Whole human (highest level)
-Organ System
Multiple organs interacting
Skeletal system, digestive system
-Organ
Two or more tissues working together
Heart, liver, stomach
-Tissue
Group of cells working together
Epithelium, connective, nervous
-Cell
Smallest living unit
Depend on organelles
Basic unit of structure and function
Muscle cell, bone cell, nerve cell
-Molecules
Atoms bound together to form larger particles
Glucose, water, carbon dioxide
-Atoms
Smallest stable unit of matter
Forms molecules
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
Levels of Organization - ANSWER subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
,Cells - ANSWER Human life depends on cells working together
Each cell responds to its local environment independently
Cells in different parts of the body are coordinated and controlled
Tissues - ANSWER Collections of cells and cell products performing specific functions are
tissues
Histology (histos, tissue)
Study of tissues
Four primary tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
Epithelial tissue - ANSWER Forms a barrier with specific properties
Covers every exposed body surface
Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Surrounds internal cavities
Lines inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart
Produces glandular secretions
Connective tissue - ANSWER Diverse in appearance but all contain cells surrounded by
extracellular matrix
Matrix comprised of:
Protein fibers
Ground substance (liquid)
, Amount of matrix varies by the particular connective tissue type
Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
epithelial tissue - ANSWER - covers and protects exposed surfaces
-lines internal passageway & chambers
-produces glandular secretions
connective tissue - ANSWER -fills internal space
- provides structural support
-stores energy
Muscle tissue - ANSWER Has the ability to contract forcefully
Major functions
Skeletal movement
Soft tissue support
Maintenance of blood flow
Movement of materials internally
Stabilization of body temperature
Muscle tissue types (3) - ANSWER -Skeletal
Usually attached to the skeleton
Moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs
-Cardiac
Found only in the heart
Complete Solutions
Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. - ANSWER Anatomy is studies the
structure and shape of the body and physiology is the study of how the body works
All living things perform the same functions - ANSWER -Respond to changes in their
immediate environment
-Show adaptability
-Grow and reproduce
-Capable of some degree of movement
Characteristics of Life - ANSWER -Responsiveness- indicates that the organism
recognizes changes in its internal or external environment
-Adaptability- changes in the organism's behavior, capabilities, or structure
-Growth and Reproduction- increase in the size of the organism; producing new
organisms
-Movement- distributes materials; changes orientation or position; locomotion
Characteristics of Life - ANSWER -Respiration- absorption and utilization of O2, and the
generation and release of CO2
-Circulation- movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and special
vessels
-Digestion- chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the
organism
-Excretion- elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism
Levels of Organization - ANSWER -Organism
,Whole human (highest level)
-Organ System
Multiple organs interacting
Skeletal system, digestive system
-Organ
Two or more tissues working together
Heart, liver, stomach
-Tissue
Group of cells working together
Epithelium, connective, nervous
-Cell
Smallest living unit
Depend on organelles
Basic unit of structure and function
Muscle cell, bone cell, nerve cell
-Molecules
Atoms bound together to form larger particles
Glucose, water, carbon dioxide
-Atoms
Smallest stable unit of matter
Forms molecules
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon
Levels of Organization - ANSWER subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule,
organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
,Cells - ANSWER Human life depends on cells working together
Each cell responds to its local environment independently
Cells in different parts of the body are coordinated and controlled
Tissues - ANSWER Collections of cells and cell products performing specific functions are
tissues
Histology (histos, tissue)
Study of tissues
Four primary tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
Epithelial tissue - ANSWER Forms a barrier with specific properties
Covers every exposed body surface
Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts
Surrounds internal cavities
Lines inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart
Produces glandular secretions
Connective tissue - ANSWER Diverse in appearance but all contain cells surrounded by
extracellular matrix
Matrix comprised of:
Protein fibers
Ground substance (liquid)
, Amount of matrix varies by the particular connective tissue type
Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
epithelial tissue - ANSWER - covers and protects exposed surfaces
-lines internal passageway & chambers
-produces glandular secretions
connective tissue - ANSWER -fills internal space
- provides structural support
-stores energy
Muscle tissue - ANSWER Has the ability to contract forcefully
Major functions
Skeletal movement
Soft tissue support
Maintenance of blood flow
Movement of materials internally
Stabilization of body temperature
Muscle tissue types (3) - ANSWER -Skeletal
Usually attached to the skeleton
Moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs
-Cardiac
Found only in the heart
