PHRM 1203 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERS
100% SOLVED
can complementary medicines interact with prescription medications? - ANSWER yes
are ingredients in complementary medicines always accurate? - ANSWER no
complementary medicines - ANSWER nonstandard treatments containing herbs,
vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, homeopathic medicines, traditional
medicines and aromatherapy products
are complementary medicines scheduled? - ANSWER largely they are unscheduled
patient risk factors for CAM drug interactions - ANSWER extremities of age, frailty,
female gender, cognition, comorbidities, genetic disposition
medication risk factors for CAM drug interactions - ANSWER high medication burden,
recent medication changes, drugs with low therapeutic index, drugs with limited
elimination pathways
venous thromboembolism (VTE) - ANSWER A term that refers to both deep vein
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; obstruction by a thrombus.
symptoms of VTE - ANSWER throbbing, cramping pain, swollen veins that are hard and
sore to touch, warm skin, red/darkened skin, swelling in leg
deep vein thrombosis - ANSWER blood clot that forms in leg veins that may/may not
cause symptoms
pulmonary embolism - ANSWER a clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
is hospitalisation a risk factor for VTE? - ANSWER yes
risk factors for VTE - ANSWER patient obesity, comorbidities, concomitant medications,
reason for attending hospital
medications that increase clotting risk - ANSWER oestrogen containing oral
contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, tamoxifen, antipsychotics
medicines that prevent VTE - ANSWER low molecular weight heparins, direct oral
anticoagulants, vitamin K antagonists, Danaparoid, aspirin
mechanical methods for VTE prevention - ANSWER pneumatic venous pumping devices,
compression stockings, venous foot pumps
examples of low molecular weight heparins - ANSWER enoxaparin
,adverse effects of low molecular weight heparins - ANSWER bleeding, bruising/pain at
injection site
are low molecular weight heparins safe for pregnancy? - ANSWER safe to use
adverse effects of heparin - ANSWER bleeding, bruising, pain at injection site
which anticoagulant is preferred for renal impairment? - ANSWER heparin
is heparin safe for pregnancy? - ANSWER yes, heparin is safe to use
direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) examples - ANSWER dabigatran
side effects of DOACs - ANSWER gastritis, dyspepsia, GI bleeding
factor Xa inhibitors - ANSWER blood thinners
factor Xa inhibitor examples - ANSWER fondaparinux
adverse effects of factor Xa inhibitors - ANSWER bleeding
vitamin K agonist example - ANSWER warfarin
adverse effects of vitamin K agonists - ANSWER bleeding
medication incident - ANSWER problem arising in prescribing, dispensing,
administering medicine. Doesn't need to cause harm
medication error - ANSWER preventable event that can cause/lead to inappropriate
medication use or patient harm. Can cause an adverse event, near miss, or no harm
examples of medication errors - ANSWER wrong medication, wrong patient, wrong
route, wrong time
adverse drug reaction - ANSWER medication incident that causes harm to a patient
classifications of adverse drug reactions - ANSWER mild, moderate, severe
medication management pathway - ANSWER A series of steps and principles that guide
the management of medications
establish need for medication - ANSWER consider all treatments, determine
appropriateness of medications, discus treatment with the patient/family, document
treatment decisions
basis for selecting medication - ANSWER based on efficacy, safety, interactions,
convenience, cost, availability, guidelines, allergies, co-morbidities
how would you individualise medication for a patient? - ANSWER consider the suitability
of the medication, review patient factors (e.g. age, weight, etc.) to determine suitable
dose, consider possible interactions and side effects.
,common types of medication errors - ANSWER incorrect documentation, prescribing
incorrect dose, omission of therapy, administer wrong medication, continuation of
medicines only intended during hospital stay, administration of medicine with an
allergy/contraindication, administration of medicine with possible interactions, patient
misidentification
consequences of too high of a dose - ANSWER toxicity, increased side effects
consequences of too low of a dose - ANSWER inadequate treatment, treatment failure,
resistance
patient factors to consider - ANSWER age, weight, renal function, liver function,
indication, route, clinical state, drug interactions
what can cause drug omissions? - ANSWER oversight, lack of nurse awareness,
problems physically administering (e.g. vomiting), refusal, lack of stock, interruptions
during administration
examples of prescribing errors - ANSWER decimal point errors, trailing zeros, omission
of leading zero, incomplete order, unclear handwriting, misheard verbal order, no valid
reason for med, duplicate order
what makes a medicine high risk? - ANSWER bad effects if administered via wrong
route/dose, have a narrow therapeutic index, errors have devastating consequences
know, check, ask - ANSWER know the medication you're giving, check the right dose,
time, route, ask patient if they understand about the medication
examples of high-risk medications - ANSWER antimicrobials, potassium and other
electrolytes, insulin, narcotics, chemotherapeutic agents, heparin and other
anticoagulants
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER what the drug does to the body
examples of parts of pharmacodynamics - ANSWER what receptors the drug activates,
relationship between drug conc. and body response, MOA, pharmacological and toxic
effects of the drug
pharmacokinetics - ANSWER what the body does to the drug
examples of parts of pharmacokinetics - ANSWER how the drug is moved and
processed in the body, how drug concentration changes over time, absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion of the drug
, ADME pharmacokinetics - ANSWER Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Absorption of a drug - ANSWER how the drug gets into the body
distribution of a drug - ANSWER where the drug goes in the body
metabolism - ANSWER how the drug is chemically modified by the body
excretion - ANSWER how the drug is removed from the body
examples of routes of administration - ANSWER IV, subcutaneous, oral, rectal,
intramuscular, inhaled, intrathecal
what influences drug distribution - ANSWER drug physiochemistry, e.g. is the drug
hydrophilic/phobic, lipophilic/phobic?
first pass metabolism - ANSWER metabolism of a drug before reaching systemic
circulation
pro-drug - ANSWER An inactive substance that is converted to a drug in the body by the
action of enzymes or other chemicals. Must be metabolised before it's active
elimination half-life - ANSWER length of time required for the drug concentration to be
halved from its starting dose
100% SOLVED
can complementary medicines interact with prescription medications? - ANSWER yes
are ingredients in complementary medicines always accurate? - ANSWER no
complementary medicines - ANSWER nonstandard treatments containing herbs,
vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, homeopathic medicines, traditional
medicines and aromatherapy products
are complementary medicines scheduled? - ANSWER largely they are unscheduled
patient risk factors for CAM drug interactions - ANSWER extremities of age, frailty,
female gender, cognition, comorbidities, genetic disposition
medication risk factors for CAM drug interactions - ANSWER high medication burden,
recent medication changes, drugs with low therapeutic index, drugs with limited
elimination pathways
venous thromboembolism (VTE) - ANSWER A term that refers to both deep vein
thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; obstruction by a thrombus.
symptoms of VTE - ANSWER throbbing, cramping pain, swollen veins that are hard and
sore to touch, warm skin, red/darkened skin, swelling in leg
deep vein thrombosis - ANSWER blood clot that forms in leg veins that may/may not
cause symptoms
pulmonary embolism - ANSWER a clot that breaks off and travels to the lungs
is hospitalisation a risk factor for VTE? - ANSWER yes
risk factors for VTE - ANSWER patient obesity, comorbidities, concomitant medications,
reason for attending hospital
medications that increase clotting risk - ANSWER oestrogen containing oral
contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, tamoxifen, antipsychotics
medicines that prevent VTE - ANSWER low molecular weight heparins, direct oral
anticoagulants, vitamin K antagonists, Danaparoid, aspirin
mechanical methods for VTE prevention - ANSWER pneumatic venous pumping devices,
compression stockings, venous foot pumps
examples of low molecular weight heparins - ANSWER enoxaparin
,adverse effects of low molecular weight heparins - ANSWER bleeding, bruising/pain at
injection site
are low molecular weight heparins safe for pregnancy? - ANSWER safe to use
adverse effects of heparin - ANSWER bleeding, bruising, pain at injection site
which anticoagulant is preferred for renal impairment? - ANSWER heparin
is heparin safe for pregnancy? - ANSWER yes, heparin is safe to use
direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) examples - ANSWER dabigatran
side effects of DOACs - ANSWER gastritis, dyspepsia, GI bleeding
factor Xa inhibitors - ANSWER blood thinners
factor Xa inhibitor examples - ANSWER fondaparinux
adverse effects of factor Xa inhibitors - ANSWER bleeding
vitamin K agonist example - ANSWER warfarin
adverse effects of vitamin K agonists - ANSWER bleeding
medication incident - ANSWER problem arising in prescribing, dispensing,
administering medicine. Doesn't need to cause harm
medication error - ANSWER preventable event that can cause/lead to inappropriate
medication use or patient harm. Can cause an adverse event, near miss, or no harm
examples of medication errors - ANSWER wrong medication, wrong patient, wrong
route, wrong time
adverse drug reaction - ANSWER medication incident that causes harm to a patient
classifications of adverse drug reactions - ANSWER mild, moderate, severe
medication management pathway - ANSWER A series of steps and principles that guide
the management of medications
establish need for medication - ANSWER consider all treatments, determine
appropriateness of medications, discus treatment with the patient/family, document
treatment decisions
basis for selecting medication - ANSWER based on efficacy, safety, interactions,
convenience, cost, availability, guidelines, allergies, co-morbidities
how would you individualise medication for a patient? - ANSWER consider the suitability
of the medication, review patient factors (e.g. age, weight, etc.) to determine suitable
dose, consider possible interactions and side effects.
,common types of medication errors - ANSWER incorrect documentation, prescribing
incorrect dose, omission of therapy, administer wrong medication, continuation of
medicines only intended during hospital stay, administration of medicine with an
allergy/contraindication, administration of medicine with possible interactions, patient
misidentification
consequences of too high of a dose - ANSWER toxicity, increased side effects
consequences of too low of a dose - ANSWER inadequate treatment, treatment failure,
resistance
patient factors to consider - ANSWER age, weight, renal function, liver function,
indication, route, clinical state, drug interactions
what can cause drug omissions? - ANSWER oversight, lack of nurse awareness,
problems physically administering (e.g. vomiting), refusal, lack of stock, interruptions
during administration
examples of prescribing errors - ANSWER decimal point errors, trailing zeros, omission
of leading zero, incomplete order, unclear handwriting, misheard verbal order, no valid
reason for med, duplicate order
what makes a medicine high risk? - ANSWER bad effects if administered via wrong
route/dose, have a narrow therapeutic index, errors have devastating consequences
know, check, ask - ANSWER know the medication you're giving, check the right dose,
time, route, ask patient if they understand about the medication
examples of high-risk medications - ANSWER antimicrobials, potassium and other
electrolytes, insulin, narcotics, chemotherapeutic agents, heparin and other
anticoagulants
pharmacodynamics - ANSWER what the drug does to the body
examples of parts of pharmacodynamics - ANSWER what receptors the drug activates,
relationship between drug conc. and body response, MOA, pharmacological and toxic
effects of the drug
pharmacokinetics - ANSWER what the body does to the drug
examples of parts of pharmacokinetics - ANSWER how the drug is moved and
processed in the body, how drug concentration changes over time, absorption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion of the drug
, ADME pharmacokinetics - ANSWER Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Absorption of a drug - ANSWER how the drug gets into the body
distribution of a drug - ANSWER where the drug goes in the body
metabolism - ANSWER how the drug is chemically modified by the body
excretion - ANSWER how the drug is removed from the body
examples of routes of administration - ANSWER IV, subcutaneous, oral, rectal,
intramuscular, inhaled, intrathecal
what influences drug distribution - ANSWER drug physiochemistry, e.g. is the drug
hydrophilic/phobic, lipophilic/phobic?
first pass metabolism - ANSWER metabolism of a drug before reaching systemic
circulation
pro-drug - ANSWER An inactive substance that is converted to a drug in the body by the
action of enzymes or other chemicals. Must be metabolised before it's active
elimination half-life - ANSWER length of time required for the drug concentration to be
halved from its starting dose
