BIO 348 Lecture Exam #3 Study Guide Notes.
major endocrine glands - Correct Answer pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
endocrine organs that belong to different systems - Correct Answer hypothalamus,
thymus, pancreas, gonads
endocrine tissues that have a primary function in a different organ system - Correct Answer
kidney, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart
pineal gland secretion and function - Correct Answer melatonin - wake sleep cycle
pituitary gland secretion and function - Correct Answer adenohypophysis - ACTH -
stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
neurohypophysis - ADH (H2O resorption) and Oxytocin (uterine contraction)
thyroid gland secretion and function - Correct Answer T3, T4, calcitonin - stimulates
metabolism
parathyroid gland secretes - Correct Answer parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood
calcium
adrenal gland secretes - Correct Answer adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Zona Reticularis secretion and function - Correct Answer androgens - secondary sex
hormone
zona glomerulosa secretion and function - Correct Answer aldosterone - blood pressure
regulation (vis Na and H2O retention, using K+ excretion from kidneys)
zona fasciculata secretion and function - Correct Answer cortisol - increase blood glucose
via glluconeogenesis
hypothalamus secretion and function - Correct Answer GnRH - regulates secretion of
ACTH from adenohypopysis
testes secretion and function - Correct Answer leydig - testosterone - stimulates sexual
maturation
sterol - inhibit - regulates sperm production
ovary secretion and function - Correct Answer granulosa - estrogen - stimulates sexual
maturation
progesterone - regulation of menstruation
,pancreas secretion and function - Correct Answer alpha - glucagon - increases blood
glucose levels
beta - insulin - decrease blood glucose levels
endocrine organ - Correct Answer organ that belongs to a different system but has a large
amount of endocrine cells (ex. hypothalamus)
endocrine tissues - Correct Answer have endocrine functions but the primary function if
with a different organ system (ex. kidney)
types of chemical messaging - Correct Answer circulating and localied
circulation hormones - Correct Answer circulate throughout the body via the blood/plasma,
act at target tissues that have the appropriate receptors
localized hormones - Correct Answer chemical messages that are secreted by a cell and
act at the neighboring cells
types of localized hormone messages - Correct Answer paracrine and autocrine
paracrine messages - Correct Answer message that goes 2-3 cells away to near receptors
autocrine messages - Correct Answer chemical message that acts on a receptor on the
same cell
lipid soluble hormones - Correct Answer steroid hormones nad cholesterol based
hormones
water soluble hormones - Correct Answer amino acid based hormones
where are receptors for lipid soluble hormones located - Correct Answer inside of the
nucleus of the target cell
where are receptors for water soluble hormones located - Correct Answer on the cell
membrane of the target cell
Process of lipid-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport
protein via the blood plasma, hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane,
activates receptor hormone altering gene expression, newly formed mRNA direct protein
synthesis, new proteins alter the target cells activity
process of water-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport
protein via the blood plasma, hormone binds to its receptor activating G protein, activates
adenylate cyclase converting ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates protein kinases, activated
protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins, phosphorylated proteins cause reactions
to produce physiological responses, cAMP deactivated
, what hormones regulate water balance - Correct Answer ADH, aldosterone, prolactin
steps on integration of the nervous system and endocrine during stress - Correct Answer
endocrine response: stress sensed by hypothalamus, releasing GnRH to activate ACTH
secretion in the adenohypophysis, ACTH travels through the blood vessel to the adrenal
cortex, triggering the release of aldosterone and cortisol
nervous system response: nerve cell in hypothalamus sends message to synapse in the
spinal cord, massage travels along secondary nerve cell to the adrenal medulla triggering
the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary axis) - Correct Answer some change in homeostasis is
detected by the hypothalamus, two responses follow
response 1: neurons fire to the neurohypophysis, neuron axons send messages back to
the hypothalamus to change the condition to return to homeostasis
- ADH negative feedback (water balance)
- Oxytocin positive feedback (water balance)
response 2: releasing/inhibiting hormones travel to the adenohypophysis, negative
feedback would occur back to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic regulation of blood glucose between meals - Correct Answer normal blood
glucose level (homeostasis), between meals blood glucose drops, hypothalamus detects
this and secretes CRH (cortical releasing hormone) targeting the adenohypophysis,
triggering the release of ACTH, triggering the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex,
the cortisol acts at the liver, live begins participating in gluconeogenesis increasing blood
glucose, returning to normal blood glucose level (homeostasis)
CRH - Correct Answer cortical releasing hormone
hypothalamic regulation of water balance - Correct Answer hypothalamus uses
osmorecptors to detect loss of water from water balance (ICF is low in water), two things
can occur to return to homeostasis
option 1: voluntary water intake to rehydrate
option 2: osmoreceptors trigger neurohypophysis to release ADH, causing release of
water from kidney tubules instead of its normal water expelling via urine, this increases
water balance and returns us to homeostasis
iodine - Correct Answer mineral essential in the production of hormones from thyroid
follicles
thyroglobulin - Correct Answer protein present in thyroid gland, from which thyroid
hormones are synthesized
major endocrine glands - Correct Answer pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
endocrine organs that belong to different systems - Correct Answer hypothalamus,
thymus, pancreas, gonads
endocrine tissues that have a primary function in a different organ system - Correct Answer
kidney, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart
pineal gland secretion and function - Correct Answer melatonin - wake sleep cycle
pituitary gland secretion and function - Correct Answer adenohypophysis - ACTH -
stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
neurohypophysis - ADH (H2O resorption) and Oxytocin (uterine contraction)
thyroid gland secretion and function - Correct Answer T3, T4, calcitonin - stimulates
metabolism
parathyroid gland secretes - Correct Answer parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood
calcium
adrenal gland secretes - Correct Answer adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Zona Reticularis secretion and function - Correct Answer androgens - secondary sex
hormone
zona glomerulosa secretion and function - Correct Answer aldosterone - blood pressure
regulation (vis Na and H2O retention, using K+ excretion from kidneys)
zona fasciculata secretion and function - Correct Answer cortisol - increase blood glucose
via glluconeogenesis
hypothalamus secretion and function - Correct Answer GnRH - regulates secretion of
ACTH from adenohypopysis
testes secretion and function - Correct Answer leydig - testosterone - stimulates sexual
maturation
sterol - inhibit - regulates sperm production
ovary secretion and function - Correct Answer granulosa - estrogen - stimulates sexual
maturation
progesterone - regulation of menstruation
,pancreas secretion and function - Correct Answer alpha - glucagon - increases blood
glucose levels
beta - insulin - decrease blood glucose levels
endocrine organ - Correct Answer organ that belongs to a different system but has a large
amount of endocrine cells (ex. hypothalamus)
endocrine tissues - Correct Answer have endocrine functions but the primary function if
with a different organ system (ex. kidney)
types of chemical messaging - Correct Answer circulating and localied
circulation hormones - Correct Answer circulate throughout the body via the blood/plasma,
act at target tissues that have the appropriate receptors
localized hormones - Correct Answer chemical messages that are secreted by a cell and
act at the neighboring cells
types of localized hormone messages - Correct Answer paracrine and autocrine
paracrine messages - Correct Answer message that goes 2-3 cells away to near receptors
autocrine messages - Correct Answer chemical message that acts on a receptor on the
same cell
lipid soluble hormones - Correct Answer steroid hormones nad cholesterol based
hormones
water soluble hormones - Correct Answer amino acid based hormones
where are receptors for lipid soluble hormones located - Correct Answer inside of the
nucleus of the target cell
where are receptors for water soluble hormones located - Correct Answer on the cell
membrane of the target cell
Process of lipid-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport
protein via the blood plasma, hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane,
activates receptor hormone altering gene expression, newly formed mRNA direct protein
synthesis, new proteins alter the target cells activity
process of water-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport
protein via the blood plasma, hormone binds to its receptor activating G protein, activates
adenylate cyclase converting ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates protein kinases, activated
protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins, phosphorylated proteins cause reactions
to produce physiological responses, cAMP deactivated
, what hormones regulate water balance - Correct Answer ADH, aldosterone, prolactin
steps on integration of the nervous system and endocrine during stress - Correct Answer
endocrine response: stress sensed by hypothalamus, releasing GnRH to activate ACTH
secretion in the adenohypophysis, ACTH travels through the blood vessel to the adrenal
cortex, triggering the release of aldosterone and cortisol
nervous system response: nerve cell in hypothalamus sends message to synapse in the
spinal cord, massage travels along secondary nerve cell to the adrenal medulla triggering
the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary axis) - Correct Answer some change in homeostasis is
detected by the hypothalamus, two responses follow
response 1: neurons fire to the neurohypophysis, neuron axons send messages back to
the hypothalamus to change the condition to return to homeostasis
- ADH negative feedback (water balance)
- Oxytocin positive feedback (water balance)
response 2: releasing/inhibiting hormones travel to the adenohypophysis, negative
feedback would occur back to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic regulation of blood glucose between meals - Correct Answer normal blood
glucose level (homeostasis), between meals blood glucose drops, hypothalamus detects
this and secretes CRH (cortical releasing hormone) targeting the adenohypophysis,
triggering the release of ACTH, triggering the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex,
the cortisol acts at the liver, live begins participating in gluconeogenesis increasing blood
glucose, returning to normal blood glucose level (homeostasis)
CRH - Correct Answer cortical releasing hormone
hypothalamic regulation of water balance - Correct Answer hypothalamus uses
osmorecptors to detect loss of water from water balance (ICF is low in water), two things
can occur to return to homeostasis
option 1: voluntary water intake to rehydrate
option 2: osmoreceptors trigger neurohypophysis to release ADH, causing release of
water from kidney tubules instead of its normal water expelling via urine, this increases
water balance and returns us to homeostasis
iodine - Correct Answer mineral essential in the production of hormones from thyroid
follicles
thyroglobulin - Correct Answer protein present in thyroid gland, from which thyroid
hormones are synthesized
