BIOLOGY 2350 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.
Buffy coat-- Correct Answer ✔✔ layer in centrifuged blood (anticoagulated) between
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
blood plasma and RBCs; consists of most of the WBCs and platelets; less than 1% of the
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formed elements; neutrophils are the highest up
__ __ __ __ __ __
Plasma proteins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Synthesized by hepatocytes; found only in blood
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
plasma:
Albumins 54%, globulins 38%, fibrinogen 7%__ __ __ __ __
Erythrocytes (RBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hemoglobin in RBC transports most O2 and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
some of the CO2 from lungs to tissues and back again
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Leukocytes (WBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Protect body from invading pathogens and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
other foreign substances
__ __
Hemopoiesis-- Correct Answer ✔✔ process by which the formed elements of blood__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
develop; i.e. blood cell production __ __ __ __
Thrombopoietin (TPO)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hormone, produced by liver, stimulates __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formation of platelets from megakaryocytes __ __ __ __
Megakaryoblast-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The precursor to megakaryocyte; myeloid stem __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cells develop into megakaryoblasts under influence of thrombopoietin
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Clotting extrinsic pathway-- Correct Answer ✔✔ - occurs rapidly (within seconds)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- tissue factor leaks into the blood vessel from cells outside blood vessel; initiates
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formation of prothrombinase __ __
,- Tissue factor, in presence of Ca2+, begins sequence of reactions, resulting in activation
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
of Clotting Factor X
__ __ __
- Clotting factor X combines with Factor V (activated by Ca2+) - forming
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
prothrombinase
Thrombus-- Correct Answer ✔✔ stationary blood clot __ __ __ __ __ __
agglutinins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ antibodies that bind to red blood cells__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Agglutination-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
atrioventricular valves (AV)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Valves located between the atrial and __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricles are contracting.
__ __ __
semilunar valves (SL)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Located between the two ventricular
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart; allows blood into
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
arteries but prevents back flow into ventricles
__ __ __ __ __ __
pulmonary circulation-- Correct Answer ✔✔ flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
and back to the heart
__ __ __ __
pulmonary trunk branches into...-- Correct Answer ✔✔ right and left pulmonary arteries
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
intercalated discs-- Correct Answer ✔✔ specialized connections between myocardial
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
__ __ __ __ __
gap junctions-- Correct Answer ✔✔ allow rapid conduction of muscle action potentials;
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
allow the entire myocardium of the atria or ventricles to contract as a single,
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
coordinated unit __
Cardiac Action Potential-- Correct Answer ✔✔ action potential is initiated by SA node,
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
travels along the conduction system and spreads out to excite the "working" atrial and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular muscle fibers; contractile fibers are the "working" cardiac muscle fibers -
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
atrial and ventricular muscle fiber cells that contract when excited by the action potential
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
propagated by the SA node
__ __ __ __ __
, cardiac depolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contractile fibers have a stable resting
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
membrane potential around 90 mV; when brought to threshold by an action potential
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
from neighboring fibers, voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Cardiac repolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ recovery of the resting membrane
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
potential; after a delay (prolonged in cardiac muscles), additional voltage-gated K+
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
channels open - outflow of K+ restores the negative resting membrane potential (-90
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
mV)
P wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ atrial depolarization
__ __ __ __ __ __
QRS complex-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular depolarization
__ __ __ __ __ __
T wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular repolarization (diastole)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Atrial premature contraction (APC)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular systole event -
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
heartbeat that occurs earlier than expected and briefly interrupts the normal heart
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
rhythm; it causes a sensation of a skipped heartbeat followed by more forceful heartbeat;
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
APCs originate in the atrial myocardium and are common in healthy individuals
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cardiac cycle-- Correct Answer ✔✔ A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
relaxation of both atria and both ventricles __ __ __ __ __ __
Systole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contraction phase of the heartbeat
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Relaxation of the heart __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ relaxation of the ventricles
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
stroke volume-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The amount of blood ejected from the heart in
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
one contraction.
__
cardiac output-- Correct Answer ✔✔ the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
CORRECT ANSWERS.
Buffy coat-- Correct Answer ✔✔ layer in centrifuged blood (anticoagulated) between
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
blood plasma and RBCs; consists of most of the WBCs and platelets; less than 1% of the
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formed elements; neutrophils are the highest up
__ __ __ __ __ __
Plasma proteins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Synthesized by hepatocytes; found only in blood
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
plasma:
Albumins 54%, globulins 38%, fibrinogen 7%__ __ __ __ __
Erythrocytes (RBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hemoglobin in RBC transports most O2 and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
some of the CO2 from lungs to tissues and back again
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Leukocytes (WBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Protect body from invading pathogens and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
other foreign substances
__ __
Hemopoiesis-- Correct Answer ✔✔ process by which the formed elements of blood__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
develop; i.e. blood cell production __ __ __ __
Thrombopoietin (TPO)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hormone, produced by liver, stimulates __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formation of platelets from megakaryocytes __ __ __ __
Megakaryoblast-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The precursor to megakaryocyte; myeloid stem __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cells develop into megakaryoblasts under influence of thrombopoietin
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Clotting extrinsic pathway-- Correct Answer ✔✔ - occurs rapidly (within seconds)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- tissue factor leaks into the blood vessel from cells outside blood vessel; initiates
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formation of prothrombinase __ __
,- Tissue factor, in presence of Ca2+, begins sequence of reactions, resulting in activation
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
of Clotting Factor X
__ __ __
- Clotting factor X combines with Factor V (activated by Ca2+) - forming
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
prothrombinase
Thrombus-- Correct Answer ✔✔ stationary blood clot __ __ __ __ __ __
agglutinins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ antibodies that bind to red blood cells__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Agglutination-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
atrioventricular valves (AV)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Valves located between the atrial and __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricles are contracting.
__ __ __
semilunar valves (SL)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Located between the two ventricular
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart; allows blood into
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
arteries but prevents back flow into ventricles
__ __ __ __ __ __
pulmonary circulation-- Correct Answer ✔✔ flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
and back to the heart
__ __ __ __
pulmonary trunk branches into...-- Correct Answer ✔✔ right and left pulmonary arteries
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
intercalated discs-- Correct Answer ✔✔ specialized connections between myocardial
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
__ __ __ __ __
gap junctions-- Correct Answer ✔✔ allow rapid conduction of muscle action potentials;
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
allow the entire myocardium of the atria or ventricles to contract as a single,
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
coordinated unit __
Cardiac Action Potential-- Correct Answer ✔✔ action potential is initiated by SA node,
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
travels along the conduction system and spreads out to excite the "working" atrial and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular muscle fibers; contractile fibers are the "working" cardiac muscle fibers -
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
atrial and ventricular muscle fiber cells that contract when excited by the action potential
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
propagated by the SA node
__ __ __ __ __
, cardiac depolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contractile fibers have a stable resting
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
membrane potential around 90 mV; when brought to threshold by an action potential
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
from neighboring fibers, voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Cardiac repolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ recovery of the resting membrane
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
potential; after a delay (prolonged in cardiac muscles), additional voltage-gated K+
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
channels open - outflow of K+ restores the negative resting membrane potential (-90
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
mV)
P wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ atrial depolarization
__ __ __ __ __ __
QRS complex-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular depolarization
__ __ __ __ __ __
T wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular repolarization (diastole)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Atrial premature contraction (APC)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular systole event -
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
heartbeat that occurs earlier than expected and briefly interrupts the normal heart
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
rhythm; it causes a sensation of a skipped heartbeat followed by more forceful heartbeat;
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
APCs originate in the atrial myocardium and are common in healthy individuals
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cardiac cycle-- Correct Answer ✔✔ A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
relaxation of both atria and both ventricles __ __ __ __ __ __
Systole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contraction phase of the heartbeat
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Relaxation of the heart __ __ __ __ __ __ __
ventricular diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ relaxation of the ventricles
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
stroke volume-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The amount of blood ejected from the heart in
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
one contraction.
__
cardiac output-- Correct Answer ✔✔ the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
