ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT 4 (SKELETAL SYSTEM)
TEST QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS.
How is the skeletal system subdivided? -- Answer ✔✔ axial and appendicular skeleton
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What are the functions of the skeletal system? -- Answer ✔✔ - support (not on floor)
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- protection (organs)
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- movement (muscle pulls on bones)
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- mineral storage (need calcium - calcium phosphate: for muscle contraction and ion for
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
neurotransmitters to release) __ __
- blood cell formation (red and white formed in red marrow in spongy bone)
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There are two types of bone, compact and spongy bone. What is the major difference
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between the two types in terms of structure, function and location? -- Answer ✔✔
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Spongy bones do not exist on their own but there is always compact bone surrounding it
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- Spongy: flat/irregular/lighter; inner layer; does not contain osteons
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- Compact: long/short; outer layer; made of osteons
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Describe the microscopic structure of the compact bone. Be able to identify the
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structures. -- Answer ✔✔ - found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of lung bones
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(for support and protection)
__ __ __
- microscopic unit of compact bone is called an osteon
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- each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular:
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lamella)
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Describe the structure of the long bone. -- Answer ✔✔ - diaphysis: the tubular shaft that
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runs between the proximal and distal end of the bone
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- epiphysis: filled with spongy bone, in the ends of the long bone
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, Compare and contrast the two ways that bones are formed: intramembranous and
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endochondral ossification. -- Answer ✔✔ Intramembranous: is between membranes like __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cranial bones and mandible __ __ __
- occurs during initial bone formation (Flat bones and skull)
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- helps heal bone fractures
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Endochondral: all other bones (example is long bones) __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- replacement of cartilage for bone
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- begins with a cartilage model
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What is bone remodeling? -- Answer ✔✔ ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by
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new bone tissue __ __
Describe the process of bone remodeling. -- Answer ✔✔ - Calcium levels go up = bone
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remodeling/building - osteoblasts __ __
- Calcium levels go down = bone remodeling/breaking down - osteoclasts
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When and how often does bone remodeling occur? -- Answer ✔✔ It occurs because of a
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lot of the same movement. The bones change shape to make the movement easier. It
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
happens all your life. __ __ __
What are the major steps in bone fractures healing? -- Answer ✔✔ -Hematoma
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formation: blood vessels in broken bones tear and hemorrhage resulting in the formation
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
of clotted blood or a hematoma (in site of break)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Bone generation: osteoblasts build bone and capillaries grow into hematoma
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Bony callous formation: fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into a bony callus of
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spongy bone __
- Bone remodeling: bony callous is remodeled by osteoblast and osteoclasts
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Why does the bone remodel at the end of healing? -- Answer ✔✔ So you do not have a
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
thick bone which could cause more chances of fracture
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Regulation of the blood calcium levels is very important for proper human physiology.
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Describe the homeostatic mechanism by which blood calcium levels are regulated.
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Include the hormones in your discussion. -- Answer ✔✔ Calcium is too low (Drops
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below 9) __ __
- parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to drop in serum calcium
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TEST QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS.
How is the skeletal system subdivided? -- Answer ✔✔ axial and appendicular skeleton
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
What are the functions of the skeletal system? -- Answer ✔✔ - support (not on floor)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- protection (organs)
__ __
- movement (muscle pulls on bones)
__ __ __ __ __
- mineral storage (need calcium - calcium phosphate: for muscle contraction and ion for
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
neurotransmitters to release) __ __
- blood cell formation (red and white formed in red marrow in spongy bone)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
There are two types of bone, compact and spongy bone. What is the major difference
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
between the two types in terms of structure, function and location? -- Answer ✔✔
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Spongy bones do not exist on their own but there is always compact bone surrounding it
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Spongy: flat/irregular/lighter; inner layer; does not contain osteons
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Compact: long/short; outer layer; made of osteons
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
Describe the microscopic structure of the compact bone. Be able to identify the
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
structures. -- Answer ✔✔ - found under periosteum and in the diaphysis of lung bones
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(for support and protection)
__ __ __
- microscopic unit of compact bone is called an osteon
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular:
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
lamella)
__
Describe the structure of the long bone. -- Answer ✔✔ - diaphysis: the tubular shaft that
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
runs between the proximal and distal end of the bone
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- epiphysis: filled with spongy bone, in the ends of the long bone
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
, Compare and contrast the two ways that bones are formed: intramembranous and
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
endochondral ossification. -- Answer ✔✔ Intramembranous: is between membranes like __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
cranial bones and mandible __ __ __
- occurs during initial bone formation (Flat bones and skull)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- helps heal bone fractures
__ __ __ __
Endochondral: all other bones (example is long bones) __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- replacement of cartilage for bone
__ __ __ __ __
- begins with a cartilage model
__ __ __ __ __
What is bone remodeling? -- Answer ✔✔ ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
new bone tissue __ __
Describe the process of bone remodeling. -- Answer ✔✔ - Calcium levels go up = bone
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
remodeling/building - osteoblasts __ __
- Calcium levels go down = bone remodeling/breaking down - osteoclasts
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
When and how often does bone remodeling occur? -- Answer ✔✔ It occurs because of a
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
lot of the same movement. The bones change shape to make the movement easier. It
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
happens all your life. __ __ __
What are the major steps in bone fractures healing? -- Answer ✔✔ -Hematoma
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
formation: blood vessels in broken bones tear and hemorrhage resulting in the formation
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
of clotted blood or a hematoma (in site of break)
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Bone generation: osteoblasts build bone and capillaries grow into hematoma
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
- Bony callous formation: fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into a bony callus of
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
spongy bone __
- Bone remodeling: bony callous is remodeled by osteoblast and osteoclasts
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Why does the bone remodel at the end of healing? -- Answer ✔✔ So you do not have a
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
thick bone which could cause more chances of fracture
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Regulation of the blood calcium levels is very important for proper human physiology.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Describe the homeostatic mechanism by which blood calcium levels are regulated.
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
Include the hormones in your discussion. -- Answer ✔✔ Calcium is too low (Drops
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
below 9) __ __
- parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to drop in serum calcium
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
