Clinical Sciences III - Exam 1 With Complete
Solutions Updated!!
Spinal cord segments
C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3
Caudal
Components of neurologic exam
- establish onset/progression
- mental status/behavior
- gait/posture
- cranial nerves
- postural reactions
- spinal reflexes, muscle mass, and tone
- perception of sensory stimuli and pain
Starting to move
Motor generators
- primary motor cortex in the cerebrum
- primarily from the brainstem (red nucleus and reticular formation)
- cerebellum provides coordination
efferent movement travels down C1-S3-for hindlimbs
,afferent sensory tracts will provide sensory information from coordination
if sensory blocked = ataxia
if motor is blocked = weakness
both seen in UMN lesions
How to describe a gait
ambulatory vs non-ambulatory (can it walk vs can it not walk)
which limbs are affected
(tetra = 4, para = bilateral, hemi = unilateral)
look at stride length
look at foot placement
Defect in strength UMN vs LMN
UMN= loss of signal:
- increased stride length
- increased extensor tone
- normal/increased reflexes
- paresis is less severe than paralysis
standing/walking/dragging on dorsum of foot (upper walks on upper)
,LMN = loss of power:
decreased stride length
decreased extensor tone
decreased reflexes
Deficiency in coordination
Normal
regularly irregular (lameness)
irregularly irregular (ataxia)
3 sources of ataxia:
Cerebellar (all 4 legs, very erratic)
Vestibular (usually leaning to a side)
General proprioceptive (caudal brainstem/spinal cord) (can be just rear)
***look at the carpus/elbows
increased flexing = cerebellar
over extending = general proprioceptive ataxia
gait summary
GP = brainstem vs spinal cord
Vestibular = CN VII, brainstem, cerebellum
, Cerebellar = cerebellum
Postural reactions
100% of the nervous system needs to be functioning, if there is deficits = just tells you
something is wrong with the nervous system
Spinal cord localization
Contralateral vs ipsilateral signs
draw a line at the cerebellum, everything caudal = ipsilateral, rest is contralateral
Hemineglect Syndrome
Opposite of their brain damaged side, the patients are unaware of objects on the
contralateral side.
They only respond to things on 1 side
the lesion is contralateral in the prosencephalon
Solutions Updated!!
Spinal cord segments
C1-C5
C6-T2
T3-L3
L4-S3
Caudal
Components of neurologic exam
- establish onset/progression
- mental status/behavior
- gait/posture
- cranial nerves
- postural reactions
- spinal reflexes, muscle mass, and tone
- perception of sensory stimuli and pain
Starting to move
Motor generators
- primary motor cortex in the cerebrum
- primarily from the brainstem (red nucleus and reticular formation)
- cerebellum provides coordination
efferent movement travels down C1-S3-for hindlimbs
,afferent sensory tracts will provide sensory information from coordination
if sensory blocked = ataxia
if motor is blocked = weakness
both seen in UMN lesions
How to describe a gait
ambulatory vs non-ambulatory (can it walk vs can it not walk)
which limbs are affected
(tetra = 4, para = bilateral, hemi = unilateral)
look at stride length
look at foot placement
Defect in strength UMN vs LMN
UMN= loss of signal:
- increased stride length
- increased extensor tone
- normal/increased reflexes
- paresis is less severe than paralysis
standing/walking/dragging on dorsum of foot (upper walks on upper)
,LMN = loss of power:
decreased stride length
decreased extensor tone
decreased reflexes
Deficiency in coordination
Normal
regularly irregular (lameness)
irregularly irregular (ataxia)
3 sources of ataxia:
Cerebellar (all 4 legs, very erratic)
Vestibular (usually leaning to a side)
General proprioceptive (caudal brainstem/spinal cord) (can be just rear)
***look at the carpus/elbows
increased flexing = cerebellar
over extending = general proprioceptive ataxia
gait summary
GP = brainstem vs spinal cord
Vestibular = CN VII, brainstem, cerebellum
, Cerebellar = cerebellum
Postural reactions
100% of the nervous system needs to be functioning, if there is deficits = just tells you
something is wrong with the nervous system
Spinal cord localization
Contralateral vs ipsilateral signs
draw a line at the cerebellum, everything caudal = ipsilateral, rest is contralateral
Hemineglect Syndrome
Opposite of their brain damaged side, the patients are unaware of objects on the
contralateral side.
They only respond to things on 1 side
the lesion is contralateral in the prosencephalon
