EXSC 330 Test 1 With Complete Solution
ATP - ANSWER energy currency
Where is ATP stored - ANSWER as potential energy in bonds
ATP reaction - ANSWER ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy
PCr - ANSWER Phosphocreatine
Purpose of PCr - ANSWER energy reservoir
PCr energy is - ANSWER anaerobic, fast, but low vield
Max yield of PCr in (seconds) - ANSWER 10 seconds
First energy source used during short, high intensity exercise - ANSWER ATP PCr
Step 1: PCr is split by __ into __ - ANSWER creatine kinase (CK), P + Cr
Step 2: Phosphorylation - ANSWER ADP + P -> ATP
Cells store how much more PCr than ATP? - ANSWER 4-6x
What enzyme breaks down ATP - ANSWER ATPase
Adenylate Kinase reaction - ANSWER 2 ADP -> ATP + AMP
Byproducts of PCr - ANSWER Pi, AMP, ADP
Glycolysis relies soley on - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Glycolysis occurs in the - ANSWER Cytosol
What transports glucose into the cell - ANSWER GLUT 4
How does glycolysis create ATP - ANSWER substrate level phosphorylation, breaks
down glucose
First enzyme of glycolysis (splits ATP) - ANSWER hexokinase
Second enzyme of glycolysis (splits second ATP) - ANSWER PFK
G6P can also be stored as - ANSWER glycogen
What happens to the G3P molecules to remove electrons - ANSWER They are oxidized
by NAD
What enzyme removes hydrogen molecules - ANSWER dehydrogenase
,End products of glycolysis - ANSWER 4 total ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis - ANSWER hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase
Net ATP production of glycolysis - ANSWER 2 ATP
When O2 is not available, pyruvate goes to - ANSWER Lactic acid cycle
What brings GLUT 4 to the cell membrane - ANSWER insulin spike, physical activity
Glycogenesis - ANSWER Formation of glycogen from glucose
Lactate - ANSWER when pyruvate is reduced (reversible reaction)
How does the lactate cycle continue producing energy - ANSWER Pyruvate being
reduced into lactate frees up electron carriers that can continue making energy
Lactate (raise/lowers) H+ in blood - ANSWER raises H+ = lower blood pH = fatigure
How does training benefit energy production - ANSWER More enzyme activity (pyruvate
kinase), faster clearing of lactate, faster activation of GLUT transporters
Lactate Shuttle - ANSWER lactate in fast twitch fibers can be shuttled to other FT or ST
fibers for conversion to pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis of lactate - ANSWER Lactate is converted to pyruvate then glucose in
the liver
Cori cycle - ANSWER the cycle of lactate to glucose between the muscle and liver
Oxidative phosphorylatioin includes - ANSWER Krebs cycle and electron transport
chain
Aerobic metabolism - ANSWER Requires O2- oxidative phosphorylation
P/O ratio - ANSWER Ratio of phosphate bonds to oxygen consumed = the efficiency of a
fuel source
Fuel source with the highest P/O ratio - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Chemiosmosis - ANSWER Proton pump for gradient
Efficiency of ETC - ANSWER about 50% - rest is lost as heat
Krebs Cycle purpose - ANSWER To transfer electrons from pyruvate to carriers (remove
H+ energy)
Intermediate step - ANSWER pyruvate is oxidized into acetly-coA
Products of the intermediate step for one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 2 acetyl CoA, 2
NADH
, Products produced in Krebs cycle for one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 6 NADH, 2
FADH, 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in - ANSWER mitochondria
Fastest fuel source - ANSWER Carbohydrates
How many ATP per molecule NADH+ in ETC - ANSWER 3
How many ATP per molecule FADH+ in ETC - ANSWER 2
How many total ATP from one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 32-38
Fat cells - ANSWER adipocytes
Triglyceride consists of - ANSWER Glycerol and three fatty acids.
Steps to get energy from fat - ANSWER Lipolysis of triglyceride into glycerol + fatty
acids, FA binds to albumin for transport to mitochondria and are transferred onto an
acetyl group
Hormones that stimulate lipolysis - ANSWER E/NE, GH, testosterone, TSH
Hormones that stimulate fat storage - ANSWER Estrogen, insulin
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) - ANSWER Stimulates lipolysis, activated by cAMP
ATP - ANSWER energy currency
Where is ATP stored - ANSWER as potential energy in bonds
ATP reaction - ANSWER ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy
PCr - ANSWER Phosphocreatine
Purpose of PCr - ANSWER energy reservoir
PCr energy is - ANSWER anaerobic, fast, but low vield
Max yield of PCr in (seconds) - ANSWER 10 seconds
First energy source used during short, high intensity exercise - ANSWER ATP PCr
Step 1: PCr is split by __ into __ - ANSWER creatine kinase (CK), P + Cr
Step 2: Phosphorylation - ANSWER ADP + P -> ATP
Cells store how much more PCr than ATP? - ANSWER 4-6x
What enzyme breaks down ATP - ANSWER ATPase
Adenylate Kinase reaction - ANSWER 2 ADP -> ATP + AMP
Byproducts of PCr - ANSWER Pi, AMP, ADP
Glycolysis relies soley on - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Glycolysis occurs in the - ANSWER Cytosol
What transports glucose into the cell - ANSWER GLUT 4
How does glycolysis create ATP - ANSWER substrate level phosphorylation, breaks
down glucose
First enzyme of glycolysis (splits ATP) - ANSWER hexokinase
Second enzyme of glycolysis (splits second ATP) - ANSWER PFK
G6P can also be stored as - ANSWER glycogen
What happens to the G3P molecules to remove electrons - ANSWER They are oxidized
by NAD
What enzyme removes hydrogen molecules - ANSWER dehydrogenase
,End products of glycolysis - ANSWER 4 total ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis - ANSWER hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase
Net ATP production of glycolysis - ANSWER 2 ATP
When O2 is not available, pyruvate goes to - ANSWER Lactic acid cycle
What brings GLUT 4 to the cell membrane - ANSWER insulin spike, physical activity
Glycogenesis - ANSWER Formation of glycogen from glucose
Lactate - ANSWER when pyruvate is reduced (reversible reaction)
How does the lactate cycle continue producing energy - ANSWER Pyruvate being
reduced into lactate frees up electron carriers that can continue making energy
Lactate (raise/lowers) H+ in blood - ANSWER raises H+ = lower blood pH = fatigure
How does training benefit energy production - ANSWER More enzyme activity (pyruvate
kinase), faster clearing of lactate, faster activation of GLUT transporters
Lactate Shuttle - ANSWER lactate in fast twitch fibers can be shuttled to other FT or ST
fibers for conversion to pyruvate
Gluconeogenesis of lactate - ANSWER Lactate is converted to pyruvate then glucose in
the liver
Cori cycle - ANSWER the cycle of lactate to glucose between the muscle and liver
Oxidative phosphorylatioin includes - ANSWER Krebs cycle and electron transport
chain
Aerobic metabolism - ANSWER Requires O2- oxidative phosphorylation
P/O ratio - ANSWER Ratio of phosphate bonds to oxygen consumed = the efficiency of a
fuel source
Fuel source with the highest P/O ratio - ANSWER Carbohydrates
Chemiosmosis - ANSWER Proton pump for gradient
Efficiency of ETC - ANSWER about 50% - rest is lost as heat
Krebs Cycle purpose - ANSWER To transfer electrons from pyruvate to carriers (remove
H+ energy)
Intermediate step - ANSWER pyruvate is oxidized into acetly-coA
Products of the intermediate step for one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 2 acetyl CoA, 2
NADH
, Products produced in Krebs cycle for one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 6 NADH, 2
FADH, 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in - ANSWER mitochondria
Fastest fuel source - ANSWER Carbohydrates
How many ATP per molecule NADH+ in ETC - ANSWER 3
How many ATP per molecule FADH+ in ETC - ANSWER 2
How many total ATP from one molecule of glucose - ANSWER 32-38
Fat cells - ANSWER adipocytes
Triglyceride consists of - ANSWER Glycerol and three fatty acids.
Steps to get energy from fat - ANSWER Lipolysis of triglyceride into glycerol + fatty
acids, FA binds to albumin for transport to mitochondria and are transferred onto an
acetyl group
Hormones that stimulate lipolysis - ANSWER E/NE, GH, testosterone, TSH
Hormones that stimulate fat storage - ANSWER Estrogen, insulin
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) - ANSWER Stimulates lipolysis, activated by cAMP
