EDEXCEL A LEVEL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY SOLVED ANSWERS.
What are the 5 ethical guidelines? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Debrief
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2. Informed consent
_ _
3. Right to withdraw
_ _ _
4. Competent researcher
_ _
5. Deception
_
What are the 4 ethical principles? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Respect
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2. Competence
_
3. Responsibility
_
4. Integrity
_
What is an alternate hypothesis? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A specific testable prediction
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containing variables, and will state either a difference or relationship.
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Directional hypothesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ States the direction the results will go
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in (more, less, positive, fewer)
_ _ _ _
Non-directional hypothesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Does not state the direction of the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
results, leaving it open
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What is the aim of sampling methods? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ To ensure a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
representative sample of participants is used, so can be successfully generalised.
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Opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Sample of those who are available at the
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time of the study
_ _ _
Random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Every member of the population has an
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equal chance of being chosen.
_ _ _ _
,Stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Involves classifying the population into
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
categories and then choosing a sample which consists of participants from each
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
category in the same proportions as they are in the population.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Volunteering when asked or in a response
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to an advert.
_ _
Advantages of random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - No bias
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- Clear how the sample is chosen, process can be explained
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Disadvantages of random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Difficult to ensure
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
everyone is available _ _
- Some people might not want to take part in the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- There can be bias in that there may be more of one group than the other, such as
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
more male soldiers than female
_ _ _ _
Advantages of stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Each group is represented,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
so conclusions can be drawn
_ _ _ _
- Efficient to ensure representation from each group
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Disadvantages of stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Difficult to know how
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
many of each group to choose
_ _ _ _ _ _
- Some groups may not be important from the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Advantages of volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More ethical as they chose
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to take part
_ _
- Volunteers are likely to be interested so less likely to give biased information, less
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
likely to have social desirability or demand characteristic.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Disadvantages of volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Takes long time to get
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sufficient numbers _
- Participants may be similar, so there may not be representation
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Advantages of opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -More ethical because the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
researcher can judge if the participant is likely to be upset by the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Researcher has more control over choosing, more quick and efficient
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Disadvantages of opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More chance of bias -
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
choosing people you know, people of own age, friendly looking people etc.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Self selected, so would rule out anyone not available or not willing
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2 types of questions in questionnaires -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Closed ended or open
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ended
Types of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Fixed choice questions,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
with yes/no response_ _
2. Likert scale questions, selecting from a fixed set of choices to rate agreement to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
statements
3. Ranked scale question, ranking choice relative to other options
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Strengths of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Quick and easy to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
answer
- Researchers can easily analyze data, percentages and averages can be worked out
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Questions are all the same so is more reliable
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Weaknesses of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Limited amount of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
information
- Answers may not match what the participants would like express
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Choice answers could mean different things to different respondents, such as 'unsure'
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_could mean 'don't know', so lacks validity
_ _ _ _ _ _
Strengths of open ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Respondents can answer
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
freely
- Allows them to elaborate on their answers and justify opinions
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-More detailed and valid, true to real life
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Weaknesses of open ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More time and effort
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
for respondents _
- Qualitative analysis which can lead to subjective interpretation that is difficult to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
analyze
- Respondents often fail to complete their answers
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECTLY SOLVED ANSWERS.
What are the 5 ethical guidelines? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Debrief
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. Informed consent
_ _
3. Right to withdraw
_ _ _
4. Competent researcher
_ _
5. Deception
_
What are the 4 ethical principles? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Respect
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. Competence
_
3. Responsibility
_
4. Integrity
_
What is an alternate hypothesis? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ A specific testable prediction
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
containing variables, and will state either a difference or relationship.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Directional hypothesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ States the direction the results will go
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
in (more, less, positive, fewer)
_ _ _ _
Non-directional hypothesis -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Does not state the direction of the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
results, leaving it open
_ _ _ _
What is the aim of sampling methods? -- Correct Answer ✔✔ To ensure a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
representative sample of participants is used, so can be successfully generalised.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Sample of those who are available at the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
time of the study
_ _ _
Random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Every member of the population has an
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
equal chance of being chosen.
_ _ _ _
,Stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Involves classifying the population into
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
categories and then choosing a sample which consists of participants from each
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
category in the same proportions as they are in the population.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Volunteering when asked or in a response
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to an advert.
_ _
Advantages of random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - No bias
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Clear how the sample is chosen, process can be explained
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Disadvantages of random sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Difficult to ensure
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
everyone is available _ _
- Some people might not want to take part in the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- There can be bias in that there may be more of one group than the other, such as
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
more male soldiers than female
_ _ _ _
Advantages of stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Each group is represented,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
so conclusions can be drawn
_ _ _ _
- Efficient to ensure representation from each group
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Disadvantages of stratified sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Difficult to know how
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
many of each group to choose
_ _ _ _ _ _
- Some groups may not be important from the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Advantages of volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More ethical as they chose
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
to take part
_ _
- Volunteers are likely to be interested so less likely to give biased information, less
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
likely to have social desirability or demand characteristic.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Disadvantages of volunteer sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Takes long time to get
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sufficient numbers _
- Participants may be similar, so there may not be representation
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Advantages of opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ -More ethical because the
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
researcher can judge if the participant is likely to be upset by the study
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Researcher has more control over choosing, more quick and efficient
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, Disadvantages of opportunity sampling -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More chance of bias -
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
choosing people you know, people of own age, friendly looking people etc.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Self selected, so would rule out anyone not available or not willing
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2 types of questions in questionnaires -- Correct Answer ✔✔ Closed ended or open
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ended
Types of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Fixed choice questions,
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
with yes/no response_ _
2. Likert scale questions, selecting from a fixed set of choices to rate agreement to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
statements
3. Ranked scale question, ranking choice relative to other options
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Strengths of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Quick and easy to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
answer
- Researchers can easily analyze data, percentages and averages can be worked out
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Questions are all the same so is more reliable
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Weaknesses of closed ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Limited amount of
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
information
- Answers may not match what the participants would like express
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- Choice answers could mean different things to different respondents, such as 'unsure'
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_could mean 'don't know', so lacks validity
_ _ _ _ _ _
Strengths of open ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - Respondents can answer
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
freely
- Allows them to elaborate on their answers and justify opinions
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-More detailed and valid, true to real life
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Weaknesses of open ended questions -- Correct Answer ✔✔ - More time and effort
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
for respondents _
- Qualitative analysis which can lead to subjective interpretation that is difficult to
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
analyze
- Respondents often fail to complete their answers
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
