Bushong Chapter 1
1. In a physical analysis, all things can be classified as: matter or energy
2. Define matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
3. What is matter composed of?: atoms
4. Define mass: the quantity of matter contained in any physical object
5. Define weight: the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
6. Mass is measured in what unit: kilograms (kg)
7. Define potential energy: the ability to do work by virtue of position
8. Define kinetic energy: the energy of motion
9. What are the 2 states of energy: potential and kinetic
10. List 5 forms of energy: chemical, electrical, thermal, nuclear,
electromagnetic
11. What is chemical energy: energy released by a chemical reaction
12. What is electrical energy: the work that can be done when an electron
moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)
13. What is thermal energy (heat): the energy of motion at the molecular level
14. What is nuclear energy: the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an
atom
15. What is electromagnetic energy: the type of energy in x-rays, radio waves,
microwaves, and visible light
16. T/F: Energy can be transformed from one type to another.: true
17. What is Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation?: E=mc^2
18. Define radiation: the transfer of energy through space
19. Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be:
exposed or irradiated
20. Define ionizing radiation: a special type of radiation that includes x-rays
21. Define ionization: the removal of an electron from an atom
22. What is an ion pair: an ionized atom and the electron separated from it
23. What forms of electromagnetic radiation are capable of ionization:
gamma, ultraviolet, cosmic, and x-rays
24. What are the 2 main categories for sources of ionizing radiation: natural
environmental and man-made
25. List the 4 components of natural environmental radiation: cosmic rays,
terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon
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, .
26. What are cosmic rays: particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by
the sun and stars
27. What causes terrestrial radiation: deposits of uranium, thorium, and other
radionuclides in the Earth
28. What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation: radon
29. What is radon: a radioactive gas produced by the natural radioactive decay of
uranium
30 What materials contain radon: concrete, bricks, gypsum wallboard, and other
earth-based materials
31. What does radon emit: alpha particles
32. What is the approx. average absorbed dose due to natural environmental
radiation at waist level in the United States: 0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hr
33. What is the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation: diagnostic x-
rays
34. What percentage of our annual average radiation dose is attributable to
medical imaging: 51%
35. List several other sources of man-made radiation: nuclear power
generation, research applications, industrial sources, and consumer items
36. List some consumer products that contribute to our annual radiation
dose: watch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantles, and
airport surveillance systems
37. How much do consumer products contribute to our annual radiation
dose: 0.1 mSv
38. Who discovered x-rays?: Wilhelm Roentgen
39. When were x-rays discovered?: November 8, 1895
40. What type of tube was used in the discovery of x-rays?: crookes tube 41.
What fluorescent material was in Roentgen's lab that glowed in the
presence of x-rays: barium platinocyanide
42. What prize did Roentgen win for his discovery: the first Nobel Prize in
physics in 1901
43. What was the first radiograph an image of: Roentgen's wife's hand
44. What are the 3 types of x-ray examinations: radiography, fluoroscopy, and
CT
45. What is fluoroscopy: x-ray in motion or dynamic imaging
46. How long did early radiographic procedures take: 30 minutes or longer
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1. In a physical analysis, all things can be classified as: matter or energy
2. Define matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
3. What is matter composed of?: atoms
4. Define mass: the quantity of matter contained in any physical object
5. Define weight: the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
6. Mass is measured in what unit: kilograms (kg)
7. Define potential energy: the ability to do work by virtue of position
8. Define kinetic energy: the energy of motion
9. What are the 2 states of energy: potential and kinetic
10. List 5 forms of energy: chemical, electrical, thermal, nuclear,
electromagnetic
11. What is chemical energy: energy released by a chemical reaction
12. What is electrical energy: the work that can be done when an electron
moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)
13. What is thermal energy (heat): the energy of motion at the molecular level
14. What is nuclear energy: the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an
atom
15. What is electromagnetic energy: the type of energy in x-rays, radio waves,
microwaves, and visible light
16. T/F: Energy can be transformed from one type to another.: true
17. What is Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation?: E=mc^2
18. Define radiation: the transfer of energy through space
19. Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be:
exposed or irradiated
20. Define ionizing radiation: a special type of radiation that includes x-rays
21. Define ionization: the removal of an electron from an atom
22. What is an ion pair: an ionized atom and the electron separated from it
23. What forms of electromagnetic radiation are capable of ionization:
gamma, ultraviolet, cosmic, and x-rays
24. What are the 2 main categories for sources of ionizing radiation: natural
environmental and man-made
25. List the 4 components of natural environmental radiation: cosmic rays,
terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon
1/7
, .
26. What are cosmic rays: particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by
the sun and stars
27. What causes terrestrial radiation: deposits of uranium, thorium, and other
radionuclides in the Earth
28. What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation: radon
29. What is radon: a radioactive gas produced by the natural radioactive decay of
uranium
30 What materials contain radon: concrete, bricks, gypsum wallboard, and other
earth-based materials
31. What does radon emit: alpha particles
32. What is the approx. average absorbed dose due to natural environmental
radiation at waist level in the United States: 0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hr
33. What is the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation: diagnostic x-
rays
34. What percentage of our annual average radiation dose is attributable to
medical imaging: 51%
35. List several other sources of man-made radiation: nuclear power
generation, research applications, industrial sources, and consumer items
36. List some consumer products that contribute to our annual radiation
dose: watch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantles, and
airport surveillance systems
37. How much do consumer products contribute to our annual radiation
dose: 0.1 mSv
38. Who discovered x-rays?: Wilhelm Roentgen
39. When were x-rays discovered?: November 8, 1895
40. What type of tube was used in the discovery of x-rays?: crookes tube 41.
What fluorescent material was in Roentgen's lab that glowed in the
presence of x-rays: barium platinocyanide
42. What prize did Roentgen win for his discovery: the first Nobel Prize in
physics in 1901
43. What was the first radiograph an image of: Roentgen's wife's hand
44. What are the 3 types of x-ray examinations: radiography, fluoroscopy, and
CT
45. What is fluoroscopy: x-ray in motion or dynamic imaging
46. How long did early radiographic procedures take: 30 minutes or longer
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