BIO 141 NVCC Exam 1 Chapter 1 questions with verified
answers
Define the various subdivisions in microscopic anatomy Ans✓✓-Cytology (sī-tol'ō-
jē; cyto = cell, logos = study) is the study of body cells and their internal structure.
Histology (his-tol'ō-jē; histos = web, tissue) is the study of tissues.
Define the various subdivisions in both microscopic and gross anatomy. Ans✓✓-
Systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system. For
example, studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys
(where urine is formed) and the organs of urine transport (ureters and urethra)
and storage ( urinary bladder). Most undergraduate anatomy and physiology
classes use this systemic approach.
Regional anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body
as a complete unit. For example, one may study the axillary (armpit) region of the
body, and in so doing examine the blood vessels (axillary artery and vein), nerves
(branches of the brachial plexus), lymph nodes (axillary lymph nodes),
musculature, connective tissue, and skin. Most medical school gross anatomy
courses are taught using a regional anatomy approach.
Surface anatomy focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal
body structures that relate to the skin covering them. Health-care providers use
surface features to identify and locate important landmarks, such as pulse
locations or the proper body region on which to perform cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR). Most anatomy and physiology classes also instruct students
on important surface anatomy locations.
, Comparative anatomy examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy
of different species. For example, a comparative anatomy class may examine limb
structure in humans, chimps, dogs, and cats.
Embryology (em'brē-ol'o-jē; embryon = young one) is the discipline concerned
with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth.
Describe the six levels of organization in the human body Ans✓✓-The chemical
level is the simplest level, and it involves atoms and molecules. Atoms are the
smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element, such as
carbon and hydrogen. When two or more atoms combine they form a molecule.
Examples of molecules include a sugar, a water molecule, or a vitamin. More
complex molecules are called macromolecules and include some proteins and the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. Macro molecules form specialized
microscopic subunits in cells called organelles, which are microscopic structures
found within cells.
The cellular level consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and
serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms. Cells and their
components are formed from the atoms and molecules from the chemical level.
The structures of cells vary widely, reflecting the specializations needed for their
different functions. For example, a skeletal muscle cell may be very long and
contain numerous organized protein filaments that aid in muscle contraction,
whereas a red blood cell is small and has a flattened disc shape that facilitates the
quick and effective exchange of respiratory gases.
The tissue level consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform
common functions. There are four major types of tissues. Epithelial tissue covers
exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. Connective tissue protects, supports,
and binds structures and organs. Muscle tissue produces movement. Finally,
nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication.
answers
Define the various subdivisions in microscopic anatomy Ans✓✓-Cytology (sī-tol'ō-
jē; cyto = cell, logos = study) is the study of body cells and their internal structure.
Histology (his-tol'ō-jē; histos = web, tissue) is the study of tissues.
Define the various subdivisions in both microscopic and gross anatomy. Ans✓✓-
Systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each functional body system. For
example, studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys
(where urine is formed) and the organs of urine transport (ureters and urethra)
and storage ( urinary bladder). Most undergraduate anatomy and physiology
classes use this systemic approach.
Regional anatomy examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body
as a complete unit. For example, one may study the axillary (armpit) region of the
body, and in so doing examine the blood vessels (axillary artery and vein), nerves
(branches of the brachial plexus), lymph nodes (axillary lymph nodes),
musculature, connective tissue, and skin. Most medical school gross anatomy
courses are taught using a regional anatomy approach.
Surface anatomy focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal
body structures that relate to the skin covering them. Health-care providers use
surface features to identify and locate important landmarks, such as pulse
locations or the proper body region on which to perform cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR). Most anatomy and physiology classes also instruct students
on important surface anatomy locations.
, Comparative anatomy examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy
of different species. For example, a comparative anatomy class may examine limb
structure in humans, chimps, dogs, and cats.
Embryology (em'brē-ol'o-jē; embryon = young one) is the discipline concerned
with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth.
Describe the six levels of organization in the human body Ans✓✓-The chemical
level is the simplest level, and it involves atoms and molecules. Atoms are the
smallest units of matter that exhibit the characteristics of an element, such as
carbon and hydrogen. When two or more atoms combine they form a molecule.
Examples of molecules include a sugar, a water molecule, or a vitamin. More
complex molecules are called macromolecules and include some proteins and the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. Macro molecules form specialized
microscopic subunits in cells called organelles, which are microscopic structures
found within cells.
The cellular level consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and
serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms. Cells and their
components are formed from the atoms and molecules from the chemical level.
The structures of cells vary widely, reflecting the specializations needed for their
different functions. For example, a skeletal muscle cell may be very long and
contain numerous organized protein filaments that aid in muscle contraction,
whereas a red blood cell is small and has a flattened disc shape that facilitates the
quick and effective exchange of respiratory gases.
The tissue level consists of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that perform
common functions. There are four major types of tissues. Epithelial tissue covers
exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. Connective tissue protects, supports,
and binds structures and organs. Muscle tissue produces movement. Finally,
nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses for communication.
