PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Dementia - CORRECT ANSWERS progressive deterioration of
memory and cognitive function
Reversible: can treat underlying cause and reverse - causes -
hypothyroidism, depression, b12 deficiency, sleep apnea, alcohol
Irreversible: incurable condition caused by alzheimers and stuff and
strokes
Alzheimer's disease (AD) - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type
of dementia
Proposed to be a continuum from preclinical (no symptoms but brain
changes) to full symptoms
Early onset dementia - CORRECT ANSWERS 5-10% of AD
diagnosed before 65
half of cases are familial by inherited gene
some have no obvious cause
increased risk in down syndrome
late onset alzheimers - CORRECT ANSWERS most common AD
after age 65
may be influenced by genetics
may be influences by environment, lifestyle, trauma, etc.
,PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Alzheimers in US - CORRECT ANSWERS 65-74: 5%
75-84: 13.1%
85+: 33%
200,000 early onset
predicted that 14 million by 2060
Alzheimers neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Brain atrophy --
caused by cell death and loss of neurons can be seen via MRI
Histological: plaques and tangles that can now be seen by imaging
and biomarkers
amyloid plaques - contain primarily aggregated (fibrillary) forms of
beta-amyloid (AB) which are caused by clumped proteins
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) - primarily abnormal tau
Approved drugs to treat AD - CORRECT ANSWERS
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Glutamate receptor partial antagonists
AB targeting antibodies
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to treat AD - CORRECT ANSWERS
Donepezil (aricept)
Stop the breakdown of acetylcholine which is needed for memory
,PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
only modest impact on cognition, function and behavior, do not
impact disease course
not all patients see a benefit
side effects due to effect in periphery (nausea, loss of appetite etc.)
Glutamate receptor partial antagonist to treat AD - CORRECT
ANSWERS Memantine (namenda) - moderate to severe AD -
glutamate NMDA non-competitive partial antagonist
glutaminergic excitotoxicity
modest effects, does not alter disease course
dizziness, headache, confusion, and constipation
NMDA Channel Stuff - CORRECT ANSWERS When glutamate is
absent, NMDA receptor blocked by Mg ions
Normal excitatory transmission: glutamate is released
NMDA (Ca2+ channel) opens if: neuron is depolarized, glutamate is
bound, co-transmitter glycine is also bound
Chronic block of NMDA receptors can interfere with memory
formation and neuroplasticity
Memantine - CORRECT ANSWERS un competitive (binds at Mg site)
open channel receptor antagonist
Basically only blocks channel when it is open, that bock is quickly
reversible
, PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
May have actions at other receptors too
Usually given in combo with AChE inhibitor
Namzaric - single, extended release pill combo of memantine and
donepezil
prevents excess glutamate from damaging the brain
Immunotherapy for AD - CORRECT ANSWERS Clear or prevent
worsening of AB plaque forms that are proposed to cause the disease
Antibody - protein complex made and used by immune system to
neutralize foreign invaders, each antibody recognizes a specific
protein sequence
Lecanemab (leqembi) - CORRECT ANSWERS antibody that binds with
high affinity to AB protofibrils - FDA approved early 2023 for MCI or
early dementia in AD - reduced plaque hella in clinical trial and had
modest impacts on cognitive decline - side effects of amyloid related
imaging abnormalities like edema or micro hemorrhage
Controversies - only 3% black, ARIA risk, some interactions with
blood thinning drugs, only moderate effect for cost and patient
burden.
Histamine - CORRECT ANSWERS Small signaling molecule found in
many tissues
produced by mast cells, basophils (stored)
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Dementia - CORRECT ANSWERS progressive deterioration of
memory and cognitive function
Reversible: can treat underlying cause and reverse - causes -
hypothyroidism, depression, b12 deficiency, sleep apnea, alcohol
Irreversible: incurable condition caused by alzheimers and stuff and
strokes
Alzheimer's disease (AD) - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type
of dementia
Proposed to be a continuum from preclinical (no symptoms but brain
changes) to full symptoms
Early onset dementia - CORRECT ANSWERS 5-10% of AD
diagnosed before 65
half of cases are familial by inherited gene
some have no obvious cause
increased risk in down syndrome
late onset alzheimers - CORRECT ANSWERS most common AD
after age 65
may be influenced by genetics
may be influences by environment, lifestyle, trauma, etc.
,PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
Alzheimers in US - CORRECT ANSWERS 65-74: 5%
75-84: 13.1%
85+: 33%
200,000 early onset
predicted that 14 million by 2060
Alzheimers neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Brain atrophy --
caused by cell death and loss of neurons can be seen via MRI
Histological: plaques and tangles that can now be seen by imaging
and biomarkers
amyloid plaques - contain primarily aggregated (fibrillary) forms of
beta-amyloid (AB) which are caused by clumped proteins
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) - primarily abnormal tau
Approved drugs to treat AD - CORRECT ANSWERS
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Glutamate receptor partial antagonists
AB targeting antibodies
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to treat AD - CORRECT ANSWERS
Donepezil (aricept)
Stop the breakdown of acetylcholine which is needed for memory
,PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
only modest impact on cognition, function and behavior, do not
impact disease course
not all patients see a benefit
side effects due to effect in periphery (nausea, loss of appetite etc.)
Glutamate receptor partial antagonist to treat AD - CORRECT
ANSWERS Memantine (namenda) - moderate to severe AD -
glutamate NMDA non-competitive partial antagonist
glutaminergic excitotoxicity
modest effects, does not alter disease course
dizziness, headache, confusion, and constipation
NMDA Channel Stuff - CORRECT ANSWERS When glutamate is
absent, NMDA receptor blocked by Mg ions
Normal excitatory transmission: glutamate is released
NMDA (Ca2+ channel) opens if: neuron is depolarized, glutamate is
bound, co-transmitter glycine is also bound
Chronic block of NMDA receptors can interfere with memory
formation and neuroplasticity
Memantine - CORRECT ANSWERS un competitive (binds at Mg site)
open channel receptor antagonist
Basically only blocks channel when it is open, that bock is quickly
reversible
, PH SCI 310 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE
BEST SOLUTION WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
RATED TO SCORE A+ FOR PASS
May have actions at other receptors too
Usually given in combo with AChE inhibitor
Namzaric - single, extended release pill combo of memantine and
donepezil
prevents excess glutamate from damaging the brain
Immunotherapy for AD - CORRECT ANSWERS Clear or prevent
worsening of AB plaque forms that are proposed to cause the disease
Antibody - protein complex made and used by immune system to
neutralize foreign invaders, each antibody recognizes a specific
protein sequence
Lecanemab (leqembi) - CORRECT ANSWERS antibody that binds with
high affinity to AB protofibrils - FDA approved early 2023 for MCI or
early dementia in AD - reduced plaque hella in clinical trial and had
modest impacts on cognitive decline - side effects of amyloid related
imaging abnormalities like edema or micro hemorrhage
Controversies - only 3% black, ARIA risk, some interactions with
blood thinning drugs, only moderate effect for cost and patient
burden.
Histamine - CORRECT ANSWERS Small signaling molecule found in
many tissues
produced by mast cells, basophils (stored)
