ABSITE- VASCULAR QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

ABSITE: VASCULAR QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
theMmostMcommonMcongentialMhypercoagulableMdisorderM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
resistanceMtoMactivatedMproteinMCM(leidenMfactor)



theMmostMcommonMacquiredMhypercoagulableMdisorderM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-smoking



theMmostMcommonMhypercoagMd/o-s:McongenitalMandMacquiredM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
resistanceMtoMactivatedMproteinMCM(leidenMfactor)MandMsmoking



stagesMofMatherosclerosisM(bigMpicture)M-MCORRECTMANSWERM-(1)MfoamMcellsM--
>M(2)MsmoothMmuscleMcellMproliferationM-->M(3)MintimalMdisruption



stagesMofMatherosclerosisM(details)M-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
(1)MfoamMcellsM=MmacrophagesMthatMhaveMabsorbedMfatMandMlipidsMinMtheMvesselMwall...M(2)MsmoothMmu
scleMcellMproliferationM=McausedMbyMgrowthMfactorsMreleasedMfromMmacrophages,MresultsMinMwallMinjury..
.M(3)MintimalMdisruptionM(fromMsmoothMmuscleMcellMproliferation)M=MleadsMtoMexposureMofMcollagenMinMv
esselMwallMandMeventualMthrombusMformationM(fibrousMplaquesMformMinMthoseMareasMwMunderlyingMathe
romas)



stagesMofMatherosclerosisM(myMwords)M-MCORRECTMANSWERM-fatMandMlipidsMinMvesselMwallM--
>MexposedMandMabsorbedMbyMmacrophagesM(nowMcalledMfoamMcells)M-->MreleaseMgrowthMfactorsM--
>MGFMcauseMsmoothMmuscleMcellMproliferationM-->MwallMinjuryMandMintimalMdisruptionM--
>MexposesMcollageMinMvesselsMwallM--
>MthrombusMformsM(whichMisMfibrousMplaquesMinMtheseMareaMwMunderlyingMatheromas)



riskMfactorsMforMatherosclerosisM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
smoking,MHTN,Mhypercholesterolemia,MDM,Mhereditary



layersMofMarteryM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
intima,Mmedia,MadventitiaM(fromMoutMtoMin,McompositionMchangesMdependingMonMtheMartery)

,compositionMofMarteryMlatersM(moreMdetails)M-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
endothelium,Mintima,MinternalMelasticMlamina,MmediaM(containsMsmoothMmuscleMcellsMandMelasticMfibers)
,MadventitiaM(wMvasoMvasorum)



cerebrovascularMdisease:MstrokeMisMtheM___MMCMcauseMofMdeathMinMtheMUSM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-3rd



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmostMimportantMriskMfactorMforMstrokeMisM_____M-MCORRECTMANSWERM-HTN



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidsMsupplyM_____%MofMbloodMflowMtoMtheMbrainM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
85%



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmostMimportantMsiteMofMstenosisMforMCVAMinjuryM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
carotidMbifurcation



cerebrovascularMdisease:MnormalMinternalMcarotidMarteryM(ICA)MhasM_______M_________MflowM-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-continuousMforwardMflow




cerebrovascularMdisease:M1stMbranchMofMtheMinternalMcarotidM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-ophthalmicMartery



cerebrovascularMdisease:MnormalMexternalMcarotidMarteryM(ECA)MhasM_______M________MflowM-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-triphasic




cerebrovascularMdisease:M1stMbranchMofMeternalMcarotidM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-superiorMthyroidMartery



cerebrovascularMdisease:MnormalMflowMofMICAMvsMECAM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
continuousMforwardMvsMtriphasic



cerebrovascularMdisease:M1stMbranchMofMICAMvsMECAM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
ophthalmicMvsMsuperiorMthyroidMartery



cerebrovascularMdisease:McommunicationMbetweenMICAMandMECAMisMviaM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
ophthalmicM(offMICA)MandMinternalMmaxillaryMarteryM(offMECA)

,cerebrovascularMdisease:MMCMdiseaseMintracranialMarteryM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-middleMcerebralMartery



cerebrovascularMdisease:MMCM(andM2ndMMC)McauseMofMcerebralMischemicMeventsM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
fromMarterialMembolizationM(NOTMthrombis)MfromMtheMICAM(canMalsoMbeM2/2MlowMflowMstateMthroughMse
verelyMstenoticMlesion)...MheartMisMtheM2ndMMCMsourceMofMcerebralMemboli



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmanifestationMofManteriorMcerebralMarteryMeventsM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
mentalMstatusMchanges,Mrelease,Mslowing



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmanifestationMofMmiddleMcerebralMarteryMeventsM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
contralateralMmotorMandMspeechM(ifMdominantMside),McontralateralMfacialMdroop



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmanifestationMofMposteriorMcerebralMarteryMeventsM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
vertigo,Mtinnitus,MdropMattacks,Mincoordination



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmanifestationMofManteriorMvsMmiddleMvsMposteriorMcerebralMarteryMeventsM-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-

anteriorM=MmentalMstatusMchanges,Mrelease,Mslowing....MmiddleM=McontralateralMmotorMandMspeechM(ifMd
ominantMside),McontralateralMfacialMdroop...MposteriorM=Mvertigo,Mtinnitus,MdropMattacks,Mincoordination



cerebrovascularMdisease:MdefineMamaurosisMfugaxM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
occlusionMofMtheMophthalmicMbranchMofMtheMICAM(visualMchangesM--
>MshadeMcomingMdownMoverMeyes),MvisualMchangesMareMtransient...MyouMwillMseeMHollenhorstMplaquesMo
nMopthoMexam



cerebrovascularMdisease:MmgmtMofMcarotidMinjuryMwMmajorMfixedMdeficitM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
mgmtMplanMdependsMonMoccludedMvsMnotMoccluded...MifMoccludedMthenMNOMrepairM(b/cMcanMexacerbate
Minjury)....MifMnotMoccludedMthenMrepairMwMcarotidMstentMorMopenMprocedure




cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)MrepairMindicationsM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
symptomaticMwM>70%Mstenosis,Ma-sxMwM>80%Mstenosis

, cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)MtimingMifMrecentMstrokeM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
waitM4-6MweeksMafterMstrokeMthenMdoMCEAM(ifMcriteriaMmetM-MsymptomaticMwM>70%Mstenosis,Ma-
sxMwM>80%Mstenosis),MifMdoMitMearlierMthenMriskMofMbleeding



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-MwhenMisMitManMemergency?M-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-

mayMbeMdoneMemergentlyMifM(1)MfluctuatingMneuroMsxMorM(2)Mcrescendo/evolvingMTIAs



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-MwhenMisMaMshuntMused?M-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-(1)MstumpMPM<50,M(2)McontralateralMsideMisMtight




cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)MrepairMorderM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-
dependsMonMtheMrelativeMtightnessMofMtheMsides....repairMtheMtightestMsideMfirstMifMtheMptMhasMb/lMstenos
isMvsMdominantMsideMfirstMifMequallyMtightMb/l



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-McomplicationsMfromMrepairM(overview)M-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-

(9)....MvagusMnerve,MhypoglossalMnerve,MglossopharyngealMnerve,MansaMcervicalis,MmandibularMbranchMof
MfacialMnerve,MbackMtoMORMtoMcheckMforMflapMorMthrombosisM(acuteMeventsMpostMop),Mpseudoaneurysm,M

HTNM(20%),MMI



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-McomplicationsMfromMrepair,MvagusMnerveM-
MCORRECTMANSWERM-

mostMcommonMcranialMnerveMinjuryMwMCEA,M2/2MvascularMclampingMduringMendarterectomy...Mp/wMhoar
senessM(b/cMrecurrentMlaryngealMnerveMbranchesMoffMofMvagus)



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-
McomplicationsMfromMrepair,MhypoglossalMnerveM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-

tongueMgoesMTOWARDMsideMofMinjury,Mp/wMspeechMandMchewingMdifficulties



cerebrovascularMdisease:McarotidMendarterectomyM(CEA)M-
McomplicationsMfromMrepairM,MglossopharyngealMnerveM-MCORRECTMANSWERM-

rare,MoccursMwMreallyMhighMcarotidMdissection,Mp/wMdifficultyMswallowing