HS 210 Final Exam Terms Latest Update
Muhammad Ali - ANSWER Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who became Wāli,
and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Though not a modern nationalist, he is
regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the
military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted. He also ruled Levantine
territories outside Egypt. The dynasty he established would rule Egypt and Sudan until
the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Tahtawi - ANSWER was an Egyptian writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist and
renaissance intellectual. Tahtawi was among the first Egyptian scholars to write about
Western cultures in an attempt to bring about a reconciliation and an understanding
between Islamic and Christian civilizations. He founded the School of Languages in 1835
and was influential in the development of science, law, literature and Egyptology in
19th-century Egypt. His work influenced that of many later scholars including
Muhammad Abduh...this is from Wikipedia since he wasn't in the book
British East India Company - ANSWER - An independent organization with close ties to
the British government was the de facto colonial administrator. The company had the
right to collect taxes from Indian peasants and use its own military to enforce those and
other rights over the local population. In its heyday, the East India Company had taken
over enormous territories and made treaties like a sovereign power. There was no clear
line here between economic and political authority, but the company developed a
number of ways to assert its power in different contexts. Some areas it governed
directly, in others it co-opted local elites, and in others it controlled the economy with
trade monopolies granted by the government back in London.
- Administered large sections of India before the British government asserted direct rule
Opium Wars - ANSWER - the Opium War of 1839-1842 showed China unable to withstand
the onslaught of Euro-pean military and economic power.
- First of the so-called Opium Wars, Chinese defense forces were no match for British
steamships. In 1842 the humiliating Treaty of Nanking forced the Chinese to open up five
more cities to British trade and foreign residents andgave Britain Hong Kong "in
perpetuity." The French followed soon after, and by the end of the century China was
subjected to a de facto partition amongBritain, France, Germany, and Russia. Each
power operated from certaintreaty ports and exercised some control over considerable
areas or spheres of influence, as they were called.
- 1839-42 First Opium War (great Britain, China)
- 1857-60 Second Opium War
Louis Blanc - ANSWER - best known as an advocate of social workshops to be owned
,and run by workers themselves with the financial assistance of the state. As a gesture
toward the "right to work," which meant the ability to earn enough by working to support
oneself, and also as a measure to restore calm in Paris, the provisional government
authorized the establishment of national workshops in the capital. These workshops,
however, were not a genuine attempt to implement the blueprint of Louis Blanc but a
relief project organized along semi military lines and enrolling more than a hundred
thousand unemployed persons from Paris and the provinces
- Louis Blanc (1811-1882) developed Saint-Simon's vaguely formulated principle of
"organization" into a doctrine of state intervention to achieve utopian ends. Blanc
outlined his scheme for social work-shops in a pamphlet, The Organization of Labor
(1840),
- Much of Louis Blanc's socialism was characteristically utopian, particularly in his
reliance on workers to make their own arrangements for communal living. The real
novelty of his plan lay in the role he assigned to the state and the fact that he began to
move socialism from philanthropy to politics.
"The Hungry Forties" - ANSWER - Liberal nationalist agitation occurred within a context
of mounting misery and discontent among artisans, industrial workers, and peasants in
what became a full-fledged economic crisis by 1848.
- Economic growth eventually benefit an increasing number of people, in the short run it
brought massive disruption and hardship.
- Industrial machine production threatened traditional artisanal crafts production;
cheap British manufactured goods threatened to undermine existing industries; and
British imports of food and raw materials from the Continent, while stimulating
agricultural productivity, tied peasants to the unpredictable business cycles of the
British economy and postponed industrialization.
- two-thirds of the 26,000inhabitants were malnourished.
- The importance of British business and industry for the Continent was such that the
depression had a significant impact on unemployment, prices, and growth everywhere.
- several disastrous crop failures.
- By 1847 food prices had doubled and bread riots spread
"June Days" - ANSWER - From June 23 to June 26, 1848, workers, artisans, students,
the unemployed, some socialists, and some liberal republicans fought a futile battle
against a revived military led by General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (1802-1857), the
energetic minister of war.
- a landmark in modern history, the first large-scale outbreak with clear overtones of
class warfare.
Pius IX - ANSWER - Elected Pope 1846-1878
, - His initial progressive actions, such as the release of political prisoners and steps to
modernize the administration of the Papal States, aroused hopes that would be bitterly
disappointed
- Pius IX was responding to the unification of Italy, which reduced the Papal States and
relieved him of political authority. He pronounced Catholicism incompatible with
liberalism, and denounced toleration of other religions, secular education, and state
participation in church affairs. In 1870 the Vatican Council adopted the dogma of papal
infallibility, which asserted that the Pope's judgments on questions of faith and morals
were incapable of terror.
Frankfurt Assembly - ANSWER - March 1849
- Votes German crown to Prussia, king rejects offer
- Frankfurt Assembly adopted a liberal national constitution for a unified Germany. The
constitution was based on the American federal system and British parliamentary
practice. Individual states were to sur-render many of their powers to the German
federal government. The federal legislature would consist of a lower house, elected by
universal male suffrage, and an upper house, chosen by the state governments and the
legislatures. Ministers responsible to the legislature would form the federal executive.
Over all would preside a constitutional monarch, the German emperor. The assembly
elected Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia to be the first emperor of a unified Germany.
Twenty-eight of the smaller German states agreed to accept the constitution,
Taiping Rebellion - ANSWER - massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864,
against the ruling Manchu Qing dynasty. It was a millenarian movement led by Hong
Xiuquan
- At least 20 million people died
- One of the deadliest military conflicts in history
Indian Rebellion of 1857-1859 (Sepoy Revolt) - ANSWER - 1857 the company's army of
native recruits rebelled. The Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, had come to hate the
British customs being imposed on them, to the destruction of their own ways. "The
Mutiny," as the British called it, spread beyond the sepoys to become what Indian
historians call a "war of liberation." Indian peasants attacked law courts protesting
corruption and economic subjugation that left them indebt. In some regions rebels
defended local leaders who had been displaced by the British.
- was put down, but not before massacres of Europeans had occurred, followed by
harsh military reprisals by the British, which ended in brutally cruel punishment and the
execution of some of the rebels.
"Second Industrial Revolution" - ANSWER From the1870s through the 1910s, a "second"
industrial revolution followed the first,as new technologies and newly industrializing
parts of the world changed the nature of industrialization. Artists and writers of the age
Muhammad Ali - ANSWER Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who became Wāli,
and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Though not a modern nationalist, he is
regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the
military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted. He also ruled Levantine
territories outside Egypt. The dynasty he established would rule Egypt and Sudan until
the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Tahtawi - ANSWER was an Egyptian writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist and
renaissance intellectual. Tahtawi was among the first Egyptian scholars to write about
Western cultures in an attempt to bring about a reconciliation and an understanding
between Islamic and Christian civilizations. He founded the School of Languages in 1835
and was influential in the development of science, law, literature and Egyptology in
19th-century Egypt. His work influenced that of many later scholars including
Muhammad Abduh...this is from Wikipedia since he wasn't in the book
British East India Company - ANSWER - An independent organization with close ties to
the British government was the de facto colonial administrator. The company had the
right to collect taxes from Indian peasants and use its own military to enforce those and
other rights over the local population. In its heyday, the East India Company had taken
over enormous territories and made treaties like a sovereign power. There was no clear
line here between economic and political authority, but the company developed a
number of ways to assert its power in different contexts. Some areas it governed
directly, in others it co-opted local elites, and in others it controlled the economy with
trade monopolies granted by the government back in London.
- Administered large sections of India before the British government asserted direct rule
Opium Wars - ANSWER - the Opium War of 1839-1842 showed China unable to withstand
the onslaught of Euro-pean military and economic power.
- First of the so-called Opium Wars, Chinese defense forces were no match for British
steamships. In 1842 the humiliating Treaty of Nanking forced the Chinese to open up five
more cities to British trade and foreign residents andgave Britain Hong Kong "in
perpetuity." The French followed soon after, and by the end of the century China was
subjected to a de facto partition amongBritain, France, Germany, and Russia. Each
power operated from certaintreaty ports and exercised some control over considerable
areas or spheres of influence, as they were called.
- 1839-42 First Opium War (great Britain, China)
- 1857-60 Second Opium War
Louis Blanc - ANSWER - best known as an advocate of social workshops to be owned
,and run by workers themselves with the financial assistance of the state. As a gesture
toward the "right to work," which meant the ability to earn enough by working to support
oneself, and also as a measure to restore calm in Paris, the provisional government
authorized the establishment of national workshops in the capital. These workshops,
however, were not a genuine attempt to implement the blueprint of Louis Blanc but a
relief project organized along semi military lines and enrolling more than a hundred
thousand unemployed persons from Paris and the provinces
- Louis Blanc (1811-1882) developed Saint-Simon's vaguely formulated principle of
"organization" into a doctrine of state intervention to achieve utopian ends. Blanc
outlined his scheme for social work-shops in a pamphlet, The Organization of Labor
(1840),
- Much of Louis Blanc's socialism was characteristically utopian, particularly in his
reliance on workers to make their own arrangements for communal living. The real
novelty of his plan lay in the role he assigned to the state and the fact that he began to
move socialism from philanthropy to politics.
"The Hungry Forties" - ANSWER - Liberal nationalist agitation occurred within a context
of mounting misery and discontent among artisans, industrial workers, and peasants in
what became a full-fledged economic crisis by 1848.
- Economic growth eventually benefit an increasing number of people, in the short run it
brought massive disruption and hardship.
- Industrial machine production threatened traditional artisanal crafts production;
cheap British manufactured goods threatened to undermine existing industries; and
British imports of food and raw materials from the Continent, while stimulating
agricultural productivity, tied peasants to the unpredictable business cycles of the
British economy and postponed industrialization.
- two-thirds of the 26,000inhabitants were malnourished.
- The importance of British business and industry for the Continent was such that the
depression had a significant impact on unemployment, prices, and growth everywhere.
- several disastrous crop failures.
- By 1847 food prices had doubled and bread riots spread
"June Days" - ANSWER - From June 23 to June 26, 1848, workers, artisans, students,
the unemployed, some socialists, and some liberal republicans fought a futile battle
against a revived military led by General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (1802-1857), the
energetic minister of war.
- a landmark in modern history, the first large-scale outbreak with clear overtones of
class warfare.
Pius IX - ANSWER - Elected Pope 1846-1878
, - His initial progressive actions, such as the release of political prisoners and steps to
modernize the administration of the Papal States, aroused hopes that would be bitterly
disappointed
- Pius IX was responding to the unification of Italy, which reduced the Papal States and
relieved him of political authority. He pronounced Catholicism incompatible with
liberalism, and denounced toleration of other religions, secular education, and state
participation in church affairs. In 1870 the Vatican Council adopted the dogma of papal
infallibility, which asserted that the Pope's judgments on questions of faith and morals
were incapable of terror.
Frankfurt Assembly - ANSWER - March 1849
- Votes German crown to Prussia, king rejects offer
- Frankfurt Assembly adopted a liberal national constitution for a unified Germany. The
constitution was based on the American federal system and British parliamentary
practice. Individual states were to sur-render many of their powers to the German
federal government. The federal legislature would consist of a lower house, elected by
universal male suffrage, and an upper house, chosen by the state governments and the
legislatures. Ministers responsible to the legislature would form the federal executive.
Over all would preside a constitutional monarch, the German emperor. The assembly
elected Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia to be the first emperor of a unified Germany.
Twenty-eight of the smaller German states agreed to accept the constitution,
Taiping Rebellion - ANSWER - massive civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864,
against the ruling Manchu Qing dynasty. It was a millenarian movement led by Hong
Xiuquan
- At least 20 million people died
- One of the deadliest military conflicts in history
Indian Rebellion of 1857-1859 (Sepoy Revolt) - ANSWER - 1857 the company's army of
native recruits rebelled. The Indian soldiers, known as sepoys, had come to hate the
British customs being imposed on them, to the destruction of their own ways. "The
Mutiny," as the British called it, spread beyond the sepoys to become what Indian
historians call a "war of liberation." Indian peasants attacked law courts protesting
corruption and economic subjugation that left them indebt. In some regions rebels
defended local leaders who had been displaced by the British.
- was put down, but not before massacres of Europeans had occurred, followed by
harsh military reprisals by the British, which ended in brutally cruel punishment and the
execution of some of the rebels.
"Second Industrial Revolution" - ANSWER From the1870s through the 1910s, a "second"
industrial revolution followed the first,as new technologies and newly industrializing
parts of the world changed the nature of industrialization. Artists and writers of the age
