HUM 2250 - Module 2 Test Study Set 2025
(Lecture 5) Potential for Class Warfare - ANSWER As urban industrial centers became
more overpopulated and the demand for safer working conditions became higher, the
lower and upper classes became more separated. Those who were wealthy enough to
do so began moving outside of the cities to more suburban areas.
Unions like IWW became more popular as they recruited more immigrants, and they
advocated for the overthrow of capitalism.
(Lecture 5) Middle and Elite Classes' Experience - ANSWER Many middle and elite class
people feared class warfare. They also feared the potential for chaos in overpopulated
cities as well as immigration.
They also feared the collapse of space and time as well as the political and economic
effects of corporate monopolies.
(Lecture 5) Social Problems - ANSWER Unsafe labor conditions, urban crowding,
increase in crime, food and pharmaceutical contamination insufficient and unsafe
housing increased child mortality rates, systemic racism, domestic violence.
(Lecture 5) Scientific Management - ANSWER Middle and upper classes began to look
towards scientific management as a way to explain the causes of these social problems.
They believed society could be understood as a system like factories are.
(Lecture 5) Society as "Congregation" vs. "Machine" - ANSWER Congregation:
-Religious foundations (Puritan ancestors)
-Context of sin and punishment
-God's will (Those living in poverty are doing so by God's will and are being punished.)
Machine:
-Industrial system and Taylorism
-Systems theory
-Efficiency
-Blame greedy individuals such as slum lords and monopolies for social problems, not
capitalism itself.
-The upper and middle classes who shared this idea were not directly affected by the
ideas of efficiency, and viewed it as a way to fix the problems in society.
,(Lecture 5) Taylor's Theories - ANSWER Division of Labor:
Mind/Management
-Seen as more refined, must regulate the body/laborer.
-Education and wealth
-White men
-Intellectuals and professionals
Body/Laborer
-Grotesque, lustful, has to be kept under control of the mind.
-Illiterate and poor
-Immigrants and POC
-Men, women, and children
-Laymen and laborers
(Lecture 5) Empirical Methods - ANSWER Observation, analysis, reasoning,
management
(Lecture 5) Social Sciences - ANSWER Statistics over philosophy, uses empirical
methods to gather the facts and observe human behavior.
New professions that stemmed from this subject included anthropologists,
psychologists, sociologist, and investigative journalists.
(Lecture 5) Direct Action - ANSWER Embraced by social workers and investigative
journalists. Using direct action to bring about social change.
(Lecture 5) Social Workers - ANSWER Often middle-class, college-educated women.
Focused on housing reform and government intervention & direct action
(Lecture 5) Social Gospel - ANSWER Philosophy that says sin is not individual, but is
instead social. Environments contribute to social ills and individual's problems.
(Lecture 5) Moral Environmentalist Movement - ANSWER Goal was to improve the lives
of slum dwellers morally, physically, socially, and intellectually.
One way to do this was through settlement houses, which were typically run by young,
college graduates who wanted to help the poor and improve their lives.
(Investigative) New Professions - ANSWER Anthropologists, psychologists, sociologist,
social workers, and investigative journalists.
, (Investigative) Muckraking - ANSWER Another term for investigative journalism, refers
to exposing the dirty parts of society.
Purpose was to strip away the facade of society and make corruption visible.
Helped expose the dirty parts of society to the middle and upper classes who no longer
had first-hand knowledge of what was happening in cities.
(Investigative) Uptown Sinclair - ANSWER Investigated Chicago's stockyards
undercover as a worker for almost a year, and then wrote "The Jungle" based on his
findings.
Highlight on the plight of workers, most immigrants, and their exploitation and suffering.
(Investigative) The Jungle - ANSWER A fictional account of Sinclair's findings while
undercover in the meat packing factories of Chicago.
(Investigative) Informed Fictional Account - ANSWER Uses composite characters and
places them in situations that are based on actual invents. The Jungle is an example of
this.
(Investigative) Food Contamination - ANSWER Meatpackers were allowing for
contaminated meat products to enter stores. Despite all other problems faced in The
Jungle, this is the one most people focused on.
(Investigative) Meat Inspection Act (1906) - ANSWER Banned use of "unhealthy dyes,
chemical preservatives, and adulterants" in meat. Improved food inspection system.
(Investigative) Pure Drug and Food Act (1906) - ANSWER Prohibited the sale of harmful
foods and required the correct labeling of food and drugs.
(Investigative) Worker Safety - ANSWER Not addressed by the two acts passed by the
government as a result of Sinclair's book, despite worker safety being his main
intention.
(Investigative) Jacob Riis - ANSWER Former police reporter who became a
photojournalist intent on social reform.
Used objective eye of the camera to expose the poor conditions of the NYC tenements.
(Investigative) How the Other Half Lives (1890) - ANSWER Riis argued that crime and
immorality plaguing the city was a result of the degradation of the home.
(Investigative) Greed of Capitalist System - ANSWER Riis blame the unchecked
selfishness of the greed of the capitalist system for these problems. Riis, unlike Sinclair,
however, was not a socialist.
(Investigative) Social Gospel - ANSWER Replaced individual sins for social sins. The
individual poor man was no longer blamed for his sins.
(Lecture 5) Potential for Class Warfare - ANSWER As urban industrial centers became
more overpopulated and the demand for safer working conditions became higher, the
lower and upper classes became more separated. Those who were wealthy enough to
do so began moving outside of the cities to more suburban areas.
Unions like IWW became more popular as they recruited more immigrants, and they
advocated for the overthrow of capitalism.
(Lecture 5) Middle and Elite Classes' Experience - ANSWER Many middle and elite class
people feared class warfare. They also feared the potential for chaos in overpopulated
cities as well as immigration.
They also feared the collapse of space and time as well as the political and economic
effects of corporate monopolies.
(Lecture 5) Social Problems - ANSWER Unsafe labor conditions, urban crowding,
increase in crime, food and pharmaceutical contamination insufficient and unsafe
housing increased child mortality rates, systemic racism, domestic violence.
(Lecture 5) Scientific Management - ANSWER Middle and upper classes began to look
towards scientific management as a way to explain the causes of these social problems.
They believed society could be understood as a system like factories are.
(Lecture 5) Society as "Congregation" vs. "Machine" - ANSWER Congregation:
-Religious foundations (Puritan ancestors)
-Context of sin and punishment
-God's will (Those living in poverty are doing so by God's will and are being punished.)
Machine:
-Industrial system and Taylorism
-Systems theory
-Efficiency
-Blame greedy individuals such as slum lords and monopolies for social problems, not
capitalism itself.
-The upper and middle classes who shared this idea were not directly affected by the
ideas of efficiency, and viewed it as a way to fix the problems in society.
,(Lecture 5) Taylor's Theories - ANSWER Division of Labor:
Mind/Management
-Seen as more refined, must regulate the body/laborer.
-Education and wealth
-White men
-Intellectuals and professionals
Body/Laborer
-Grotesque, lustful, has to be kept under control of the mind.
-Illiterate and poor
-Immigrants and POC
-Men, women, and children
-Laymen and laborers
(Lecture 5) Empirical Methods - ANSWER Observation, analysis, reasoning,
management
(Lecture 5) Social Sciences - ANSWER Statistics over philosophy, uses empirical
methods to gather the facts and observe human behavior.
New professions that stemmed from this subject included anthropologists,
psychologists, sociologist, and investigative journalists.
(Lecture 5) Direct Action - ANSWER Embraced by social workers and investigative
journalists. Using direct action to bring about social change.
(Lecture 5) Social Workers - ANSWER Often middle-class, college-educated women.
Focused on housing reform and government intervention & direct action
(Lecture 5) Social Gospel - ANSWER Philosophy that says sin is not individual, but is
instead social. Environments contribute to social ills and individual's problems.
(Lecture 5) Moral Environmentalist Movement - ANSWER Goal was to improve the lives
of slum dwellers morally, physically, socially, and intellectually.
One way to do this was through settlement houses, which were typically run by young,
college graduates who wanted to help the poor and improve their lives.
(Investigative) New Professions - ANSWER Anthropologists, psychologists, sociologist,
social workers, and investigative journalists.
, (Investigative) Muckraking - ANSWER Another term for investigative journalism, refers
to exposing the dirty parts of society.
Purpose was to strip away the facade of society and make corruption visible.
Helped expose the dirty parts of society to the middle and upper classes who no longer
had first-hand knowledge of what was happening in cities.
(Investigative) Uptown Sinclair - ANSWER Investigated Chicago's stockyards
undercover as a worker for almost a year, and then wrote "The Jungle" based on his
findings.
Highlight on the plight of workers, most immigrants, and their exploitation and suffering.
(Investigative) The Jungle - ANSWER A fictional account of Sinclair's findings while
undercover in the meat packing factories of Chicago.
(Investigative) Informed Fictional Account - ANSWER Uses composite characters and
places them in situations that are based on actual invents. The Jungle is an example of
this.
(Investigative) Food Contamination - ANSWER Meatpackers were allowing for
contaminated meat products to enter stores. Despite all other problems faced in The
Jungle, this is the one most people focused on.
(Investigative) Meat Inspection Act (1906) - ANSWER Banned use of "unhealthy dyes,
chemical preservatives, and adulterants" in meat. Improved food inspection system.
(Investigative) Pure Drug and Food Act (1906) - ANSWER Prohibited the sale of harmful
foods and required the correct labeling of food and drugs.
(Investigative) Worker Safety - ANSWER Not addressed by the two acts passed by the
government as a result of Sinclair's book, despite worker safety being his main
intention.
(Investigative) Jacob Riis - ANSWER Former police reporter who became a
photojournalist intent on social reform.
Used objective eye of the camera to expose the poor conditions of the NYC tenements.
(Investigative) How the Other Half Lives (1890) - ANSWER Riis argued that crime and
immorality plaguing the city was a result of the degradation of the home.
(Investigative) Greed of Capitalist System - ANSWER Riis blame the unchecked
selfishness of the greed of the capitalist system for these problems. Riis, unlike Sinclair,
however, was not a socialist.
(Investigative) Social Gospel - ANSWER Replaced individual sins for social sins. The
individual poor man was no longer blamed for his sins.
