HUM 2250 - Module 3 Exam Latest Update
(Lecture 8) Immigrant Experience - ANSWER in 1900, 60% of the population of the
nation's biggest cities were either foreign-born or children on immigrants.
Immigrants were drawn into urban centers by the prospects of jobs.
(Lecture 8) Cartoon: "The Mortar of Assimilation" - ANSWER A cartoon made in 1889 of
a bunch of people in a pot with a large woman stirring them up. There is one person who
refuses to be mixed in. Used stereotypes against immigrants and represents American's
fears of immigrants messing with cultural assimilation.
(Lecture 8) Anti-Immigration Movements - ANSWER Organized labor such as the AFL
actively lobbied against immigration in order to minimize job competition.
There were also groups who wanted to protect Anglo-Saxon purity and what it meant to
be an "American."
Political conservatives and those with religious intolerance (against Jews and Catholics)
also protested immigration.
(Lecture 8) Darwinism - ANSWER The idea of adaptation and evolution. Adopted to
understand modern industrial society.
Species that adapted and evolved would survive.
Rules of nature guide competition = survival of the fittest.
(Lecture 8) Social Sciences - ANSWER Related disciplines that study various aspects of
human social behavior
(Lecture 8) Social Darwinism - ANSWER Life becomes a competition.
Social sciences seemed to back up social divisions.
The U.S. was undergoing "social evolution"
In society, only the fittest groups survive and reach the top.
(Lecture 8) Herbert Spencer - ANSWER English philosopher and sociologist who applied
the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903).
(Lecture 8) William Graham Sumner - ANSWER He was an advocate of Social Darwinism
claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like
many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich,
and poor being poor.
(Lecture 8) Science - ANSWER Offered a scientific explanation for class and ethnic
,differences in biology. Belief that it was inherent in their biology that they would occupy
the lower classes.
Many social sciences backed this idea.
(Lecture 8) Appeal to Middle Class and Elites - ANSWER It justified the vast gap between
the very wealthy and very poor. God "gave" money to those who were rich because they
were fit. Western countries were powerful because they were fit, while Africa and Asia
were not.
(Lecture 8) Social Evolution - ANSWER Belief that the US was undergoing a social
evolution, where lassiez-faire capitalism would be proven as the fittest mode of
economic engagement, where the welfare state would be complete dissolved to
eliminate the weakest members of society, and cultural superiority would mean the
elevation of the WASP race.
(Lecture 8) Nihilistic Premise of Social Darwinism - ANSWER Belief that reform was a
waste of time and resources and would inhibit the process of social evolution.
(Lecture 8) William James - ANSWER Believed humans have reason and intelligence and
could control the process of their own evolution. Most notable for his ideas about
pragmatism.
(Lecture 8) Pragmatism - ANSWER Human society must rely not on ideologies, but on
observations of practical applications (how society actually works).
(Lecture 8) Social Reformers - ANSWER Most social reformers rejected social
Darwinism and turned to the social gospel.
(Lecture 8) Ethnic Hierarchy vs Determinism - ANSWER Social reformers rejected social
Darwinism, but did not reject the idea of an ethnic hierarchy. This can be seen in Riis'
work as well as the work of the Ashcan artists. They used ethnic caricatures and
stereotypes.
(Lecture 8) Eugenics - ANSWER "Science" of improving the fitness of groups that
comprised societies.
Promoting the reproduction of populations with desirable traits and the reduction of
populations with undesirable traits.
Was used against immigrants and minorities.
Many social reformers and Americans supported this idea.
(Lecture 8) Academic Studies of Philosophy and Intellect - ANSWER Studies done on
minorities and immigrants only enabled the ideas of eugenics.
(Lecture 8) 1913 Segregation of the Fed. Gov't. - ANSWER In 1913, President Woodrow
Wilson re-segregated the federal government as a result of Eugenics studies.
, (Lecture 8) Emergency Quota Act of 1921 - ANSWER 1921 legislation that limited
immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910.
(Reconstruction) 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments - ANSWER 13th - Abolished Slavery
14th and 15th- Allowed black men the right to vote and hold public office
(Reconstruction) Reconstruction - ANSWER Period after the Civil War, and begin with
enthusiasm and optimism. Ended in 1877 in failure.
(Reconstruction) First Reconstruction Act - ANSWER 5 military districts were
established to protect the lives and property of newly emancipated black citizens.
1,465 black men entered politics in the south.
(Reconstruction) Ulysses S. Grant - ANSWER Responded to calls for federal help in
efforts of Reconstruction and attacks on black people who went to the polls.
Rescinded support from new Southern governments and protections for black
Americans in the south.
As a result, conservative politicians reclaimed control of the south and reconstruction
ended.
(Reconstruction) Living & Working Conditions - ANSWER As a result of the failure of
reconstruction, conditions for black Americans worsened.
Often didn't own land or the crops they worked, had no social or political power.
Black voter registration dropped.
(Reconstruction) Ku Klux Klan - ANSWER A white supremacy organization in founded in
the 1860's which used violence to ensure Anglo-American purity.
(Reconstruction) Jim Crow Laws - ANSWER Unwritten codes which regulated the
interactions between white and black people. Required black people to act in a
subservient manner.
White people had priority in society.
"Separate but equal"
Public facilities were segregated.
(Ida B. Wells) Lynching - ANSWER 1882-1950, 4,733 documented cases of lynching in
the US.
90% of these were in the south.
(Ida B. Wells) Ida B. Wells - ANSWER Investigative journalist who began to document
lynching and eventually launched an anti-lynching which led to the founding of the
(Lecture 8) Immigrant Experience - ANSWER in 1900, 60% of the population of the
nation's biggest cities were either foreign-born or children on immigrants.
Immigrants were drawn into urban centers by the prospects of jobs.
(Lecture 8) Cartoon: "The Mortar of Assimilation" - ANSWER A cartoon made in 1889 of
a bunch of people in a pot with a large woman stirring them up. There is one person who
refuses to be mixed in. Used stereotypes against immigrants and represents American's
fears of immigrants messing with cultural assimilation.
(Lecture 8) Anti-Immigration Movements - ANSWER Organized labor such as the AFL
actively lobbied against immigration in order to minimize job competition.
There were also groups who wanted to protect Anglo-Saxon purity and what it meant to
be an "American."
Political conservatives and those with religious intolerance (against Jews and Catholics)
also protested immigration.
(Lecture 8) Darwinism - ANSWER The idea of adaptation and evolution. Adopted to
understand modern industrial society.
Species that adapted and evolved would survive.
Rules of nature guide competition = survival of the fittest.
(Lecture 8) Social Sciences - ANSWER Related disciplines that study various aspects of
human social behavior
(Lecture 8) Social Darwinism - ANSWER Life becomes a competition.
Social sciences seemed to back up social divisions.
The U.S. was undergoing "social evolution"
In society, only the fittest groups survive and reach the top.
(Lecture 8) Herbert Spencer - ANSWER English philosopher and sociologist who applied
the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903).
(Lecture 8) William Graham Sumner - ANSWER He was an advocate of Social Darwinism
claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like
many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich,
and poor being poor.
(Lecture 8) Science - ANSWER Offered a scientific explanation for class and ethnic
,differences in biology. Belief that it was inherent in their biology that they would occupy
the lower classes.
Many social sciences backed this idea.
(Lecture 8) Appeal to Middle Class and Elites - ANSWER It justified the vast gap between
the very wealthy and very poor. God "gave" money to those who were rich because they
were fit. Western countries were powerful because they were fit, while Africa and Asia
were not.
(Lecture 8) Social Evolution - ANSWER Belief that the US was undergoing a social
evolution, where lassiez-faire capitalism would be proven as the fittest mode of
economic engagement, where the welfare state would be complete dissolved to
eliminate the weakest members of society, and cultural superiority would mean the
elevation of the WASP race.
(Lecture 8) Nihilistic Premise of Social Darwinism - ANSWER Belief that reform was a
waste of time and resources and would inhibit the process of social evolution.
(Lecture 8) William James - ANSWER Believed humans have reason and intelligence and
could control the process of their own evolution. Most notable for his ideas about
pragmatism.
(Lecture 8) Pragmatism - ANSWER Human society must rely not on ideologies, but on
observations of practical applications (how society actually works).
(Lecture 8) Social Reformers - ANSWER Most social reformers rejected social
Darwinism and turned to the social gospel.
(Lecture 8) Ethnic Hierarchy vs Determinism - ANSWER Social reformers rejected social
Darwinism, but did not reject the idea of an ethnic hierarchy. This can be seen in Riis'
work as well as the work of the Ashcan artists. They used ethnic caricatures and
stereotypes.
(Lecture 8) Eugenics - ANSWER "Science" of improving the fitness of groups that
comprised societies.
Promoting the reproduction of populations with desirable traits and the reduction of
populations with undesirable traits.
Was used against immigrants and minorities.
Many social reformers and Americans supported this idea.
(Lecture 8) Academic Studies of Philosophy and Intellect - ANSWER Studies done on
minorities and immigrants only enabled the ideas of eugenics.
(Lecture 8) 1913 Segregation of the Fed. Gov't. - ANSWER In 1913, President Woodrow
Wilson re-segregated the federal government as a result of Eugenics studies.
, (Lecture 8) Emergency Quota Act of 1921 - ANSWER 1921 legislation that limited
immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910.
(Reconstruction) 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments - ANSWER 13th - Abolished Slavery
14th and 15th- Allowed black men the right to vote and hold public office
(Reconstruction) Reconstruction - ANSWER Period after the Civil War, and begin with
enthusiasm and optimism. Ended in 1877 in failure.
(Reconstruction) First Reconstruction Act - ANSWER 5 military districts were
established to protect the lives and property of newly emancipated black citizens.
1,465 black men entered politics in the south.
(Reconstruction) Ulysses S. Grant - ANSWER Responded to calls for federal help in
efforts of Reconstruction and attacks on black people who went to the polls.
Rescinded support from new Southern governments and protections for black
Americans in the south.
As a result, conservative politicians reclaimed control of the south and reconstruction
ended.
(Reconstruction) Living & Working Conditions - ANSWER As a result of the failure of
reconstruction, conditions for black Americans worsened.
Often didn't own land or the crops they worked, had no social or political power.
Black voter registration dropped.
(Reconstruction) Ku Klux Klan - ANSWER A white supremacy organization in founded in
the 1860's which used violence to ensure Anglo-American purity.
(Reconstruction) Jim Crow Laws - ANSWER Unwritten codes which regulated the
interactions between white and black people. Required black people to act in a
subservient manner.
White people had priority in society.
"Separate but equal"
Public facilities were segregated.
(Ida B. Wells) Lynching - ANSWER 1882-1950, 4,733 documented cases of lynching in
the US.
90% of these were in the south.
(Ida B. Wells) Ida B. Wells - ANSWER Investigative journalist who began to document
lynching and eventually launched an anti-lynching which led to the founding of the
