N5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Neuro Anatomy and Physiology Age Related Differences in A&P- 1 Questions & Answers

CNS consists of what? - ANSWERSbrain and spinal cord PNS consists of what? - ANSWERS12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 spinal cords PNS is subdivided into - ANSWERSsomatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system Which NS has afferent and efferent pathways? - ANSWERSPeripheral Nervous System What are afferent and efferent responsible for? - ANSWERSresponsible for transmitting information What do afferent nerves do? - ANSWERSsensory nerves that carry impulses from cells, tissues, and organs to CNS What do efferent nerves do? - ANSWERScarry impulses from the CNS to cells, tissues, and organs CNS has what neurons? - ANSWERSAssociational neurons and Mature Neurons What happens when the mature neurons are injured? And why? - ANSWERSMature neurons do not replicate and injury to them in the CNS is permanent Sensory vs motor nerves in the PNS - ANSWERSSensory neurons are afferent neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS Motor neurons are efferent neurons that carry impulses away from CNS What are peripheral nerves? - ANSWERSIn the PNS, and are capable of self-repair through axonal reaction (slow process) Role of neuron - ANSWERSbasic functional unit of the NS Primary source of fuel for neurons? - ANSWERSGlucose components of a neuron - ANSWERSCell body, Dendrite, and Axon What are dendrites? - ANSWERSprojections that collect info and direct it to the cell body What is it called when a cell body is grouped together in CNS vs PNS? - ANSWERSMostly located in the CNS- when cell bodies are grouped together here: nuclei Cell bodies located in the PNS and found in groups: ganglia or plexuses What are axons? - ANSWERSconducts impulses to next neuron Axons are covered by what? What interrupts them? - ANSWERSCovered with myelin sheath (lipid material) and are interrupted at various intervals by nodes of Ranvier Where does nutrient exchange occur? - ANSWERSNutrient exchange cannot occur through the myelin; however, it can occur in the nodes of Ranvier. What is salutatory conduction? - ANSWERSThe myelin sheath is responsible for allowing impulses to flow between the nodes of Ranvier resulting in an increased velocity of impulses. This is called the salutatory conduction. What is neuroglia? - ANSWERScells that support CNS What are the 4 types of neuroglia? - ANSWERSastrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells Astrocytes' role? - ANSWERSfill the spaces between neurons and surrounding blood vessels. They are part of the blood brain barrier, provide for rapid transport of nutrients, and have a role in scar formation and seizures. Oligodendroglia form: - ANSWERSthe myelin sheath of the brain and spinal cord White matter vs gray matter - ANSWERSThe myelin sheath is white; therefore, this is termed "white matter." Areas without myelin sheath, which is composed mainly of neurons, are known as the gray matter. What are microglia? - ANSWERStissue macrophages specific to the CNS Ependymal are involved in the production of what? - ANSWERSline the ventricles of the brain and the choroid plexuses and are involved in the production of the CSF What are schwann cells responsible for? - ANSWERSare responsible for formation of the myelin sheath in the PNS and provide metabolic support. Which neuroglia plays a role in scar formation and seizures? - ANSWERSAstrocytes Which neuroglia is involved in the production of CSF? - ANSWERSEpendymal Cells What forms the myelin sheath in CNS and in PNS? - ANSWERSOligodendroglia What do associational neurons do? - ANSWERStransmit impulses from neuron to neuron and are only found in the CNS. What are synapses? - ANSWERSare the location where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. Types of synapses - ANSWERSpresynaptic membrane and a postsynaptic membrane How are presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane separated? - ANSWERSseparated by the synaptic cleft What is the point of the synaptic cleft? - ANSWERSImpulses are transmitted across the cleft via chemical or electrical means Where are neurotransmitters synthesized and localized? - ANSWERSsynthesized in the neuron and localized in the presynaptic terminal How do neurons communicate with each other? - ANSWERSchemically Explain how synapses works only in one direction - ANSWERSThey are stored on one side of the synaptic cleft and their receptors are located on the opposite side; therefore, chemical synapses only work in one direction. Types of neurotransmitters - ANSWERSAcetylcholine, monoamines, and amino acids What neurotransmitter is both excitable and inhibitable? - ANSWERSAcetylcholine Where is acetylcholine located? - ANSWERSSkeletal muscles (excitatory), brain, spinal cord