1. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A) Influenza virus
B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C) Adenovirus
D) Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
2. At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
A) 2-4 months
B) 6-8 months
C) 12-18 months
D) 24-30 months
Answer: C) 12-18 months
Rationale: The anterior fontanelle usually closes between 12 to 18
months of age. Delayed closure may indicate conditions like
hypothyroidism or increased intracranial pressure.
3. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Meningitis
B) Hydrocephalus
C) Dehydration
D) Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
,4. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine-
like" murmur?
A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
5. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A) Norovirus
B) Rotavirus
C) Salmonella
D) Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
6. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A) Hepatitis B vaccine
B) Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D) Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
, Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
7. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A) Corticosteroids
B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C) Aspirin only
D) Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
8. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A) Vesicular rash
B) Koplik spots
C) Strawberry tongue
D) Target lesions
Answer: B) Koplik spots
Rationale: Koplik spots are small, white lesions on the buccal
mucosa, pathognomonic for measles, preceding the rash.
9. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A) Asthma
B) Epiglottitis
C) Croup
D) Foreign body aspiration
A) Influenza virus
B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C) Adenovirus
D) Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
2. At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
A) 2-4 months
B) 6-8 months
C) 12-18 months
D) 24-30 months
Answer: C) 12-18 months
Rationale: The anterior fontanelle usually closes between 12 to 18
months of age. Delayed closure may indicate conditions like
hypothyroidism or increased intracranial pressure.
3. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Meningitis
B) Hydrocephalus
C) Dehydration
D) Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
,4. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine-
like" murmur?
A) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
5. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A) Norovirus
B) Rotavirus
C) Salmonella
D) Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
6. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A) Hepatitis B vaccine
B) Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D) Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
, Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
7. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A) Corticosteroids
B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C) Aspirin only
D) Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
8. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A) Vesicular rash
B) Koplik spots
C) Strawberry tongue
D) Target lesions
Answer: B) Koplik spots
Rationale: Koplik spots are small, white lesions on the buccal
mucosa, pathognomonic for measles, preceding the rash.
9. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A) Asthma
B) Epiglottitis
C) Croup
D) Foreign body aspiration
