Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
1. Pharmacology the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
2. what is a drug any chemical that changes the processes of living
3. Drug Nomenclature Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only
1 generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
4. Drug Resources 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
5. What is a receptor? 5 1. some component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
components
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both auto-
nomic ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes
on area)
2026/04/10 1
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
6. Types of Receptors 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
7. Why have receptors Majority of hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through
on the cell surface? diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the
cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
8. Receptors on the cell 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
surface acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion
channels when it binds)
Communication of
hormones and recep- 2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on
tors. surface and causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the
cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
9. Second Messenger 1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor
System must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
Adenylate Cyclase 3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane
steps until it encounters an enzyme
2026/04/10 2
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
10. Second messenger 1. hormone binds to receptor
system 2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
Phospholipase C 4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
Mechanism (IP3 sys- 5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
tem) Steps 6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
11. Intracellular Recep- 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
tors (2) 2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
LIPID SOLUBLE sub-
stances
12. Non receptor mecha- - Nitrates- reduced to NO, bind guanylate cyclase
nisms
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular com-
ponents and block metabolic reactions
13. agonist ag: drug that binds a receptor and produces a biochemical response
antagonist
Ant: binds the receptor but doesn't produce a biochemical response. "it's
a blank" No second messenger is produced.
*So why have it? tumor causing too much epinephrine binding, so antago-
2026/04/10 3
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
nist drug competes with epinephrine for that receptor and blocks its ability
to bind and cause the heart to contract too much.
14. Affinity: high vs low. A: attraction between a drug and a receptor
Specificity= selectivity High affinity: drug will bind, even when the drug is in extremely low
(dose-dependent) concentration
Low affinity: won't bind drug until there is a high concentration of it.
* You want highly se-
lective/specific drugs. S: How specific the drug is for a particular type of receptor.
So you don't produce Drugs that are highly selective, ONLY bind to that one receptor.
side-affects
As the dose is increased, it may become less and less selective.
*this causes side-affects to go up.
15. Efficacy E: Does the drug to what it was intended. Effectiveness of the drug.
Intrinsic Activity ~ effi- *more important than potency
cacy
IA: More effective response even by stimulating it just a little bit.
16. Potency P: how concentrated a drug is.
Tolerance
Additive/synergistic T: need for a higher dose of a drug to produce the standard effect
drug interactions
Ex: oxycotin for pain, after 2 week, the oxycotin won't produce the same
pain modulating affects as before.
Add/syn: more than one drug can produce one type of response.
Ex: NE and E increases HR.
Giving both at the same time, and 20 bpm happened, the drugs were
additive. 10 bpm from NE, and 10 bpm from E.
2026/04/10 4
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
1. Pharmacology the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
2. what is a drug any chemical that changes the processes of living
3. Drug Nomenclature Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only
1 generic name. They all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
4. Drug Resources 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
5. What is a receptor? 5 1. some component on or inside a cell that substances can bind
components
2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both auto-
nomic ganglion and skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes
on area)
2026/04/10 1
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
6. Types of Receptors 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
7. Why have receptors Majority of hormones are not have able to cross the membrane through
on the cell surface? diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the
cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need
receptors to bring them into the cell.
8. Receptors on the cell 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels. They control the opening of it. (Ex:
surface acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating opening of ion
channels when it binds)
Communication of
hormones and recep- 2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on
tors. surface and causes the enzymatic portion to produce changes within the
cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
9. Second Messenger 1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The receptor
System must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
Adenylate Cyclase 3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane
steps until it encounters an enzyme
2026/04/10 2
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
10. Second messenger 1. hormone binds to receptor
system 2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
Phospholipase C 4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
Mechanism (IP3 sys- 5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
tem) Steps 6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
11. Intracellular Recep- 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
tors (2) 2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
LIPID SOLUBLE sub-
stances
12. Non receptor mecha- - Nitrates- reduced to NO, bind guanylate cyclase
nisms
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular com-
ponents and block metabolic reactions
13. agonist ag: drug that binds a receptor and produces a biochemical response
antagonist
Ant: binds the receptor but doesn't produce a biochemical response. "it's
a blank" No second messenger is produced.
*So why have it? tumor causing too much epinephrine binding, so antago-
2026/04/10 3
, Pharmacology
2026/2027: Pharmacology [Questions and Answers Percentage Pass] {Verified}
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_30nfma
nist drug competes with epinephrine for that receptor and blocks its ability
to bind and cause the heart to contract too much.
14. Affinity: high vs low. A: attraction between a drug and a receptor
Specificity= selectivity High affinity: drug will bind, even when the drug is in extremely low
(dose-dependent) concentration
Low affinity: won't bind drug until there is a high concentration of it.
* You want highly se-
lective/specific drugs. S: How specific the drug is for a particular type of receptor.
So you don't produce Drugs that are highly selective, ONLY bind to that one receptor.
side-affects
As the dose is increased, it may become less and less selective.
*this causes side-affects to go up.
15. Efficacy E: Does the drug to what it was intended. Effectiveness of the drug.
Intrinsic Activity ~ effi- *more important than potency
cacy
IA: More effective response even by stimulating it just a little bit.
16. Potency P: how concentrated a drug is.
Tolerance
Additive/synergistic T: need for a higher dose of a drug to produce the standard effect
drug interactions
Ex: oxycotin for pain, after 2 week, the oxycotin won't produce the same
pain modulating affects as before.
Add/syn: more than one drug can produce one type of response.
Ex: NE and E increases HR.
Giving both at the same time, and 20 bpm happened, the drugs were
additive. 10 bpm from NE, and 10 bpm from E.
2026/04/10 4
