ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS |
TESTED AND PROVEN ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE
2024/2025 100% (GRADE A+)
systems involved in acute confusional state
Ans>> reticular activating system of upper brain stem to the thalamus, basal ganglion, cortex,
and limbic areas
Patho of acute confusional state
Ans>> inflammatory cytokines alter BBB, cause oxidative stress. neuronal metabolism and
synaptic transmission are altered in metabolic disorders.
early onset alzheimers genetics
Ans>> 3 genes with mutation on chromosome 21
late onset alzheimers genetics
Ans>> apolipoprotein E gene- allele 4 on chromosome 19
Patho of Alzheimer's
1
,Ans>> B-amyloid protein accumulates in plaques beginning in small clusters followed by
formation into chains and then into fibers organized as beta sheets.
As plaque development progresses, brain cell-to-cell communication becomes disrupted.
Immune cells become activated, destroying & ingesting injured cells
what type of med is used for mild alzheimers
Ans>> cholinesterase inhibitors
what causes neurons to be hyperexcitable in epilepsy
Ans>> hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
oxygen in epilepsy
Ans>> consumed at a high rate and rapidly depleted
glucose in epilepsy
Ans>> rapidly depleted
2
,what causes the tonic phase of seizures
Ans>> excitation of subcortical, thalamus, and brain stem areas
what causes the clonic phase of seizures
Ans>> inhibitory neurons in cortex, anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia react to cortical
excitation
alzhemiers and acetylcholine
Ans>> decrease in the number of acetylcholine-secreting neurons
myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine
Ans>> autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
norepinephrine in the PNS
Ans>> Sympathetic nerve transmission
Serotonin in Schizophrenia
3
, Ans>> elevated
parkinsons and dopamine
Ans>> destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons
GABA effect
Ans>> Majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain
glycine effect
Ans>> Most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
glutamate and aspartate
Ans>> excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and spinal cord
Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on presynaptic neurons and
reduce pain by
Ans>> blocking the release of neurotransmitter
4
TESTED AND PROVEN ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE
2024/2025 100% (GRADE A+)
systems involved in acute confusional state
Ans>> reticular activating system of upper brain stem to the thalamus, basal ganglion, cortex,
and limbic areas
Patho of acute confusional state
Ans>> inflammatory cytokines alter BBB, cause oxidative stress. neuronal metabolism and
synaptic transmission are altered in metabolic disorders.
early onset alzheimers genetics
Ans>> 3 genes with mutation on chromosome 21
late onset alzheimers genetics
Ans>> apolipoprotein E gene- allele 4 on chromosome 19
Patho of Alzheimer's
1
,Ans>> B-amyloid protein accumulates in plaques beginning in small clusters followed by
formation into chains and then into fibers organized as beta sheets.
As plaque development progresses, brain cell-to-cell communication becomes disrupted.
Immune cells become activated, destroying & ingesting injured cells
what type of med is used for mild alzheimers
Ans>> cholinesterase inhibitors
what causes neurons to be hyperexcitable in epilepsy
Ans>> hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
oxygen in epilepsy
Ans>> consumed at a high rate and rapidly depleted
glucose in epilepsy
Ans>> rapidly depleted
2
,what causes the tonic phase of seizures
Ans>> excitation of subcortical, thalamus, and brain stem areas
what causes the clonic phase of seizures
Ans>> inhibitory neurons in cortex, anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia react to cortical
excitation
alzhemiers and acetylcholine
Ans>> decrease in the number of acetylcholine-secreting neurons
myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine
Ans>> autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
norepinephrine in the PNS
Ans>> Sympathetic nerve transmission
Serotonin in Schizophrenia
3
, Ans>> elevated
parkinsons and dopamine
Ans>> destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons
GABA effect
Ans>> Majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain
glycine effect
Ans>> Most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
glutamate and aspartate
Ans>> excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and spinal cord
Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on presynaptic neurons and
reduce pain by
Ans>> blocking the release of neurotransmitter
4
