Phil101 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% CORRECT)

Phil101 EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% CORRECT) Why does Manning wonder whether taking a moral philosophy course is the best way to become sensitive and moral individuals? -Answer-Manning wonders because she questions if the students would learn to care through a classroom or through doing an activity. In the end, she feels it would be better to have the students work, say in a soup kitchen or homeless shelter, to show them how to truly care Does Manning think that we are obligated to help starving people in Africa? -Answer-Yes because as a caring person, one would see the similarities between children in Africa and children we know and love and we should help them. Our Ideal selves would not ignore this. For Manning what are the different objects of care? Besides persons, what else can be an object of care? -Answer-the different objects of care the starving people in Africa because the people share the same characteristics with the people that we know. Animals because they share characteristics with both humans and other animals What similarities does Feminist Ethics of Care share with Aristotle's Virtue Ethics? How are both moral theories virtue-based ethics? Which theories are action-based ethics? -Answer-Both Ethics have their own virtues that define who they are - Feminist Ethics of Care: compassion, mercy, forgiveness, etc. - Aristotle's Virtue Ethics: courage, justice, pride, modesty, etc. -Both have qualities that can be acquired by reputation or practice and they both focus on building character. -Mill's utilitarianism; Kant's duty ethics What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: a) Existentialism -Answer-Philosophical view emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice. What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: b) Nihilism -Answer-the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless. No God means: No human purpose/meaning to life; No objective morality; Must we become gods? Humans - creators of values What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: c) Will to Power -Answer-Basic drive to expand one's power, to perfect self, to grow, to master & dominate; passion for life What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: d) Strong vs. Weak People -Answer-Strong: smart, physically stronger, witty, motivated, independent, skilled, brave. Weak: slower, clumsier, not as physically strong, dull, not as intelligent, lazy, incompetent, unmotivated. What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: e) Master vs. Slave Morality -Answer-Master: the values chosen by the strong people: Pride, Ambition, Drive/Passion, Independence, Creativity; value their own qualities. Slave: value patience, kindness, forgiveness, charity, faith. What do these terms mean in Nietzsche's theory: f) The Overman -Answer-Struggle and hardship to be the overman, like climbing a mountain accomplished with laughter and free spirit. Like Greek warrior: the ideal pagan. Qualities of the strong. How do Christian morality and Democratic policies demonstrate the weak people's will to power for Nietzsche? -Answer-Democratic policies: tries to raise the weaker people in society by forcing the stronger people to help others. An example is taxation of the rich. Christian morality: for the weak because they need a higher power to tell them what to do and differentiate between right and wrong. Denies desire, rejects passions. How does Nietzsche think that civilization and religions prevent the development of the higher type of man? -Answer-Both stop the development of the higher type of man because they do not support the growth of the stronger man, they only put it down. What does Nietzsche think about Kantian respect for persons? -Answer-Denies the idea of Kantian respect for persons, "We the masters can treat people as we see fit" What does Nietzsche think of the crude hedonist's goal of seeking pleasure and comfort? -Answer-Ultimate goal is not hedonism, but mastery, personal growth, and self overcoming; strive to be the overman How is Nietzsche's use of the terms good versus bad different from a Christian's use of the terms good versus evil? -Answer- what is the inversion of values? -Answer-The process by which slave morality came to dominate rather than master morality. What did the words "good" and "bad" mean originally mean? -Answer-"good" - used by the noble classes to designate themselves and their actions. "Bad" was used to denote the opposite, namely, the lower classes. "evil"-Those suffering under the noble class came up with the concept to refer to their rulers. "good"- opposite^ What virtues, if any, does Nietzsche's master morality share with Aristotelian ethics? -Answer-both value courage, ambition, and pride What does Nietzsche think about pride and humility? -Answer-he values pride, and thinks the weak see it as evil; What virtues, if any, does Nietzsche's master morality share with feminist ethics? -Answer-they align with slave morality (value compassion, caring, love) What question does the demon ask? How does your answer to the demon's question show whether you are leading an authentic and meaningful life? -Answer-Tells you that the life you live now must be relived by yourself over and over again with every memory good/bad. If you react negatively to this concept, then you are not living the life you truly want. If you react positively, then you are living a meaningful, authentic life, true to yourself. Who is Zarathustra in Nietzsche's writings? -Answer-The profit that spent 10 years of his life in solitude in a cave, and finally decides to descend down to the people to preach about the Overman. How does Nietzsche through the teachings of Zarathustra describe mankind in relation to animals and the Overman? How is the struggle to become the Overman described? -Answer-living one's life is something that has to happen now, and not at any other time. It is now that the struggle takes place, and now that life manifests itself in the intensity of one's efforts What occurs when Zarathustra encounters the tightrope walker? How does Zarathustra view the risks of the tightrope walker? -Answer-The tightrope walker says that he does not want to be taken by the devil and go to hell as he dies. Z tells him that hell no longer exists and that to die through the dangers of one's work is a great honor. Which corresponds to the stage of the Overman? -Answer-Evaluation corresponds to the stage of the Overman What characteristics do people in each stage possess? What are the three stages toward the creation of the overman, i.e. the Three Metamorphoses? -Answer-The Camel (renounces comfort, strong, accepts difficulties), The Lion (represents the destroyer of old values, relies on own mind and rejects authority, strong and independent), and the Child (born again, having destroyed outside influences, represents new beginning, optimism) In his writings, how does Nietzsche describe a woman's role? -Answer-women are there for men, their goal is to have children; hope to give birth to the overman What occurs in the Parable of the Madman? -Answer-the death of god, no one believing in god anymore In the Parable of the Madman, what does Nietzsche mean by saying that God is dead and we have killed Him? -Answer-that no one believes anymore, faith is gone, therefore he is dead and we all have killed him. faith has been lost and it must be replaced with something Can women become "superwomen" according to Nietzsche? Why or why not? -Answer-no, all women are evil and bitter What impact does this event have on the meaning of human life and morality? -Answer-we can now move forward with ration based thinking What occurs in the story of Eternal Recurrence? -Answer-Nietzsche's encapsulation of the life-affirming nature of his own approach is that one must come to the point where one would be content to repeat any moment of one's life over & over. Wilkinson focuses on the 1998 British case of organ donation. What occurred in this case? -Answer-Racist man did not want a colored person to receive his organs when he died. The doctors went along with what he wanted. What is conditional allocation? Does Wilkinson thing that there are certain conditions under which racist offers are morally acceptable? If so, what are these conditions? -Answer-When you are donating your organs and you create a condition in which your organs can be allocated. Ex: girls only, whites only, children only What is the objection of complicity? How does Wilkinson reply to this objection? Why does he mention the example of the bank teller complying with a robber's order? -Answer-If you comply with a robber if he tells you to put money in a bag or he will shoot you, you are not a bad person if you give him the money. Wilkinson claims that furthering wrongful ends can be morally permissible in some case. What is the objection of symbols of racism? How does Wilkinson reply? In Wilkinson's view how does the conditional allocation of the racist's organs compare with the story of the "whites-only pool," the Die Hard movie and French roads? -Answer-By something showing racism, it acts as if one is promoting it. Wilkinson agrees with this. If a pool is for whites only, this promotes racism and therefore Wilkinson believed that the pool should be closed down to prevent problems. Die-Hard did not symbolize racism to Wilkinson, and the French Roads have pretty trees that everyone looks at causing multiple car crashes and the government does not jump to cut them down even though it costs extra lives.