STUDY GUIDE CTR EXAM 2024-2025 EDITION
1. Cytoplasm: is a clear, thick gel containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other
chemicals that surrounds the nucleus in a cell.
2. Homeostasis: is the condition where internal and external environments remain constant and
in balancece
3. The Four Phases of Mitosis are?: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
4. Morphology: is the description of the form and structure of tissues on the body
5. Hypertrophy: is an increase in the size of a tissue
6. Atrophy: is a decrease in the size of a tissue
7. Epithelial tissue: A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
8. Connective tissue: is the most abundant and most widely distributed of all tissues
9. Three Elements of Connective Tissue are?: cells, ground substance, also called matrix,
fibers
10.Meninges: three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
11.Dura mater: is a thick, tough membrane lining the skull
12.Pia mater: is the thin innermost layer that is in contact with the brain
13.Arachoid mater: middle meningeal layer
14.Metastasis: is the formation of new foci of disease in a distant part of the body
15.Three types of metastasis are?: synchronous, metachronous and precocious
16.Synchronous: diagnosed at the same time as the primary site
17.Metachronous: diagnosed after the primary site had been diagnosed and treat- ed
18.Precocious: diagnosed with an unknown primary site, first indication of cancer in a patient
19.Carcinomas: a malignant neoplasm that occurs in epithelial tissue
20.Adenocarcinomas: are carcinomas that are predominantly glandular or ductal
21.Squamous cell carcinomas: are carcinomas that arise from stratified squa- mous
epithelium
22.Transitional cell carcinomas: are carcinomas with mixed glandular and squa- mous
23.Sarcomas: are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, embryonic connective tissue
24.Neuroendocrine tumors: are from cells that originate in the neural crest.
25.Adenomas: benign pituitary tumors
26.Islet cells tumors: pancreas
27.Carcinogensis/Oncogenesis: The process of the formation and development of cancer.
28.Breast Cancer Proto-Oncogenes: HER2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR, p53
,STUDY GUIDE CTR EXAM 2024-2025 EDITION
29.HER2: is a cancer related protein. Over-expression of this protein is associated with a poor
prognosis. It is also used to identify those who may receive a targeted therapy
30.Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR: is associated with large tumors. Patients with
large amounts of EGFR have a less favorable prognosis than those with small amounts of this
receptor
31.P53: is the most common genetic change. It is a tumor suppressor gene. In breast cancer,
the p53 mutation is associated with a more aggressive disease and poorer survival rates
32.Genes associated with a risk of cancer: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that predispose a
person to breast cancer and may play a role in some ovarian cancers
33.Angiogenesis: occurs when there is a need for new blood vessels to support the growth of
the tumor
34.Angiogenesis inhibitors: block development of new blood vessels to cut of the tumor's
supply of oxygen and nutrients, therefore, limit or destroy the tumor's continued growth and
spread to other parts of the body
35.Epidemiology: is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a population
36.The two types of epidemiology are?: descriptive and analytic
37.Descriptive epidemiology: examines patterns of disease occurrence in popu- lations,
distribution of disease in a population
38.Analytic epidemiology: explores etiologic relationships, investigating possible determinants
associated with the occurrence of disease
39.Triad of Disease: host, environment, agent
40.Prevalence: is the total number of people in a population at a given point in time with a
disease. Prevalence measures the existence of disease
41.Incidence: is the number of NEW cases of a disease in a population over a period of
time. Incidence measures the appearance of disease
42.Three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary
43.Breast Cancer is: the most common cancer in women
44.Prostate Cancer is: the most common cancer in men
45.Lung Cancer is: the second most common cancer among men and women in the U.S., but
the leading cause of total cancer deaths
46.Colon Cancer is: the third most common cancer among men and women in the U.S., and the
second leading cause of total cancer deaths
47.After breast cancer, lung and colon cancer the most common cancers among U.S. women:
are uterine cancer and ovarian cancer
1. Cytoplasm: is a clear, thick gel containing carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other
chemicals that surrounds the nucleus in a cell.
2. Homeostasis: is the condition where internal and external environments remain constant and
in balancece
3. The Four Phases of Mitosis are?: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
4. Morphology: is the description of the form and structure of tissues on the body
5. Hypertrophy: is an increase in the size of a tissue
6. Atrophy: is a decrease in the size of a tissue
7. Epithelial tissue: A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
8. Connective tissue: is the most abundant and most widely distributed of all tissues
9. Three Elements of Connective Tissue are?: cells, ground substance, also called matrix,
fibers
10.Meninges: three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
11.Dura mater: is a thick, tough membrane lining the skull
12.Pia mater: is the thin innermost layer that is in contact with the brain
13.Arachoid mater: middle meningeal layer
14.Metastasis: is the formation of new foci of disease in a distant part of the body
15.Three types of metastasis are?: synchronous, metachronous and precocious
16.Synchronous: diagnosed at the same time as the primary site
17.Metachronous: diagnosed after the primary site had been diagnosed and treat- ed
18.Precocious: diagnosed with an unknown primary site, first indication of cancer in a patient
19.Carcinomas: a malignant neoplasm that occurs in epithelial tissue
20.Adenocarcinomas: are carcinomas that are predominantly glandular or ductal
21.Squamous cell carcinomas: are carcinomas that arise from stratified squa- mous
epithelium
22.Transitional cell carcinomas: are carcinomas with mixed glandular and squa- mous
23.Sarcomas: are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, embryonic connective tissue
24.Neuroendocrine tumors: are from cells that originate in the neural crest.
25.Adenomas: benign pituitary tumors
26.Islet cells tumors: pancreas
27.Carcinogensis/Oncogenesis: The process of the formation and development of cancer.
28.Breast Cancer Proto-Oncogenes: HER2, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR, p53
,STUDY GUIDE CTR EXAM 2024-2025 EDITION
29.HER2: is a cancer related protein. Over-expression of this protein is associated with a poor
prognosis. It is also used to identify those who may receive a targeted therapy
30.Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR: is associated with large tumors. Patients with
large amounts of EGFR have a less favorable prognosis than those with small amounts of this
receptor
31.P53: is the most common genetic change. It is a tumor suppressor gene. In breast cancer,
the p53 mutation is associated with a more aggressive disease and poorer survival rates
32.Genes associated with a risk of cancer: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that predispose a
person to breast cancer and may play a role in some ovarian cancers
33.Angiogenesis: occurs when there is a need for new blood vessels to support the growth of
the tumor
34.Angiogenesis inhibitors: block development of new blood vessels to cut of the tumor's
supply of oxygen and nutrients, therefore, limit or destroy the tumor's continued growth and
spread to other parts of the body
35.Epidemiology: is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a population
36.The two types of epidemiology are?: descriptive and analytic
37.Descriptive epidemiology: examines patterns of disease occurrence in popu- lations,
distribution of disease in a population
38.Analytic epidemiology: explores etiologic relationships, investigating possible determinants
associated with the occurrence of disease
39.Triad of Disease: host, environment, agent
40.Prevalence: is the total number of people in a population at a given point in time with a
disease. Prevalence measures the existence of disease
41.Incidence: is the number of NEW cases of a disease in a population over a period of
time. Incidence measures the appearance of disease
42.Three levels of prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary
43.Breast Cancer is: the most common cancer in women
44.Prostate Cancer is: the most common cancer in men
45.Lung Cancer is: the second most common cancer among men and women in the U.S., but
the leading cause of total cancer deaths
46.Colon Cancer is: the third most common cancer among men and women in the U.S., and the
second leading cause of total cancer deaths
47.After breast cancer, lung and colon cancer the most common cancers among U.S. women:
are uterine cancer and ovarian cancer
