PA Psychology Exam 2 Questions and Answers

PA Psychology Exam 2 Questions and Answers What is personality? - AnswerBlend of characteristics that makes a person unique /.The structure of personality is compromised of the following: - Answer1. Psychological Core 2. Typical Response 3. Role-related Behavior /.What is the structure of personality? (Pyramid) - Answerpsychological core (internal/constant), typical responses, role-related behavior (external/dynamic) /.Traits - AnswerPersonality consists of stable fundamental components /.Traits are the main cause of behavior because - AnswerWe behave the way we do mainly because of factors within us, not because of situational influences e.g. A 'competitive athlete' is likely to act competitively regardless of how critical the situation is /.Eysenck's Personality Theory - AnswerIntroversion to Extroversion Stability to Neuroticism Self-Control (Super ego) to Psychoticism /.The Five Factor Model (FFM) - Answer- Most popular framework in the study of personality - These 5 Factors are also known as "The Big Five" -OCEAN /.OCEAN - AnswerOpenness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism /.Openness to experience - AnswerOriginality, need for variety, and curiosity (Imagination, feelings, actions, ideas) /.Conscientiousness - Answerconstraint, achievement, striving, and self-discipline (competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven) /.Extraversion - Answerenthusiasm, sociability, assertiveness, and high activity (sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression) /.Agreeableness - Answeramiability, altruism, and modesty (cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured) /.Neuroticism - Answernervousness, anxiety, depression, and anger (tendency toward unstable emotions) /.Openness Low Score - Answerpractical, conventional, prefers routine /.Openness High Score - Answercurious, wide range of interests, independent /.Conscientiousness Low Score - Answerimpulsive, careless, disorganized /.Conscientiousness High Score - Answerhardworking, dependable, organized /.Extroversion Low Score - Answerquiet, reserved, withdrawn /.Extroversion High Score - Answeroutgoing, warm, seeks adventure /.Agreeableness Low Score - Answercritical, uncooperative, suspicious /.Agreeableness High Score - Answerhelpful, trusting, empathetic /.Neuroticism Low Score - Answercalm, even-tempered, secure /.Neuroticism High Score - Answeranxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions /.Big 5 Personality on Exercise: Openness to Experience - Answer+ outdoor exercise /.Big 5 Personality on Exercise: Conscientiousness - Answer+ Self-reported Exercise + Exercise Intentions +Overcoming Barriers + Scheduled Exercise /.Big 5 Personality on Exercise: Extraversion - Answer+ Moderate & vigorous exercise + Self-reported exercise + Exercise Intentions + Overcoming Barriers + Prefer exercising with others + Enjoyment /.Big 5 Personality on Exercise: Agreeableness - AnswerNone /.Big 5 Personality on Exercise: Neuroticism - Answer- Self-reported exercise - Exercise adherence - Exercise Intentions + Barriers (fear of embarrassment/lack of motivation) + Enhance appearance - Enjoyment /.Situation Approach (Bobo Dolls) - Answer- Behavior is determined by the situation/ environment - Draws from social learning theory - Observational Learning (modeling) - Social Reinforcement (feedback) - The cross-situational consistency or stability of behavior is relatively low, which can indicate that traits have a weak role /.Interactional Approach - Answer-The personal factors (traits) and the situation determine behavior jointly - To understand behavior, you have to know both the person and the situation - Favored approach when studying behavior -E.g., A person prone to anxiety may experience anxiety in some cases, but not in others /.Locus of Control - AnswerDegree to which people believe that they have control over the events in their lives /.External Attributional Style - AnswerView outcomes as a result of external forces (e.g., luck, other individuals, simplicity of the task) /.Internal Attributional Style - AnswerView of outcomes as a result of personal effort or ability - associated with "free-living" PA - E.g., stairs vs elevator & walk vs bus /.Self-Perceptions - Answer-How we think and feel about ourselves, our attributes, and our abilities - Plays an important role in our psychological and physical well-being - Global, domain-specific, or situation-specific - Self esteem, self-concept, and body image contribute to our self-perception /.Self-Concept - Answer- The way in which we see or define ourselves - 'Who I am' /.Self-Esteem (Self-Worth) - Answer- Evaluative or affective consequence of one's self-concept - 'How I feel about who I am' /.Does Exercise Influence Global Self-Concept or Self-Esteem? - AnswerApprox. 50% of studies that used an exercise intervention saw significantly improvements in self-concept or self-esteem