Chamberlain BIOS 251 Exam 1 Questions with 100% Correct Answers

Chamberlain BIOS 251 Exam 1 Questions with 100% Correct Answers Gross Anatomy - ANSWER -Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye Histology - ANSWER -the study of the microscopic structure of tissues Histopathology - ANSWER -microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease Cytology - ANSWER -study of structure and function of cells Ultrastructure - ANSWER -fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope Subdisciplines of Physiology - ANSWER -neurophysiology, endocrinology, pathophysiology Neurophysiology - ANSWER -physiology of the nervous system Endocrinology - ANSWER -study of hormones Pathophysiology - ANSWER -mechanisms of disease Hippocrates - ANSWER -Father of medicine Scientific Fact - ANSWER -information that can be independently verified Law of Nature - ANSWER -a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave Theory - ANSWER -explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses Bipedalism - ANSWER -the ability to walk upright on two legs The Hierarchy of Complexity - ANSWER -Organ system-organs-tissues-cellsorganelles-molecules-atoms situs invertus - ANSWER -heart is on the opposite side Organization - ANSWER -living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things Cellular Composition - ANSWER -living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells Metabolism - ANSWER -internal chemical reactions; the sum of all biochemical events that occur in the body Responsiveness - ANSWER -ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability) Movement - ANSWER -of organism and/or of substances within the organism Characteristics of life - ANSWER -organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution Homeostasis - ANSWER -the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain stable internal conditions Physiological Variation - ANSWER -Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment Feedback Loops - ANSWER -biological mechanisms where homeostasis is maintained Homeostasis in Body Temperature - ANSWER --If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism) -If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) Negative Feedback - ANSWER -a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus Receptor - ANSWER -structure that senses change in the body Integrating (control) Center - ANSWER -control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision," and directs the response Effector - ANSWER -cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis Positive Feedback - ANSWER -Self-amplifying cycle where the feedback loop is repeated. Normal way of producing rapid changes. Can sometimes be dangerous. ex. childbirth Gradient - ANSWER -a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points. Chemicals flow down concentration gradients. Charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Heat flows down thermal gradients. CT Scan - ANSWER -computed tomography scan MRI - ANSWER -magnetic resonance imaging PET scan - ANSWER -a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task Sonography - ANSWER -high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs The relationship between function and structure - ANSWER -Form creates function, function predicts form The primary function of red blood cells - ANSWER -To transport vital gases to and from the body tissues. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs so that it can be exhaled out of the body. How are red blood cells unlike other body cells? - ANSWER -As they mature they lose their nucleus and organelles, which allows room for more hemoglobin molecules which are oxygen binding proteins. What do red blood cells display? - ANSWER -Viscoelasticity, they have the ability to go back to their original shape if they become deformed due to stress. This allows them to be able to flow through narrow blood vessels. Superior - ANSWER -Structure that is toward the head of the body How many body cavities are in the body? - ANSWER -4 Ventral/Dorsal - ANSWER -front and back anterior/posterior - ANSWER -Toward the ventral side Toward the dorsal side Cephallic - ANSWER -toward the head or superior end Rostral - ANSWER -toward the forehead or nose Caudal - ANSWER -toward the tail or inferior end Inferior - ANSWER -below Medial/Lateral - ANSWER -toward the midline/away from the midline Proximal/Distal - ANSWER -closer to point of attachment/farther from point of attachment ipsilateral/contralateral - ANSWER -on the same side of the body/opposite side of body Superficial/Deep - ANSWER -closer to body surface/farther from body surface Axial - ANSWER -Represents core of body, includes all structures except upper and lower appendages