CSB520 Final Exam Questions With
Solved Solutions.
Define types of cellular adaptation & explain when these processes are not possible/reversible. - Answer
Hyperplasia - Cells divide and increase in number.
Metaplasia - Changes from one well differentiated cell type to another.
Atrophy - Decrease in cell size.
Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size.
Describe the main differences between apoptosis & necrosis. - Answer Apoptosis - Active process,
programmed cell suicide, slow process, doesn't kill neighbouring cells.
Necrosis - Passive process, acute process/sudden, kills neighbouring cells.
What is an infarct and how does it occur? - Answer An infarct is the area of necrosis (dead tissue -
resulting from a failure of blood supply)
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer The amount of time the
stimulus is applied.
Atrophy = slow, part of apoptosis
Infarction = sudden, part of necrosis
Define neoplasia, tumour, malignancy, dysplasia, -in-situ & metastasis/metastasize? - Answer Neoplasia
- new uncontrolled growth of cells
Tumour - new cells - abnormal mass of tissue as a result of cells dividing more than required or cells do
not die off when they should.
Malignancy - fatal/cancerous tumour.
Dysplasia - is the change of a well differentiated cell to a undifferentiated cell (not considered a
mutation).
In-situ - mutated cells haven't broken through the basement membrane.
,Metastasis - cell moving to a distant site.
Explain the basic risk factors for the development of mutation & tumourgenesis. - Answer - stimuli that
promote division of cells
- alternated environment
Understand the 8 behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells as a result of multiple mutations. -
Answer Proliferate without stimuli
irresponsive to growth inhibitors
Ability evade apoptosis
Self Sufficiency
Sustained Angiogenesis
Understand the main differences between benign & malignant tumours. - Answer Benign:
Encapsulated
Don't metastasis
Homogenous
Malignant:
Non encapsulated
Metastasise
Heterogenous
List the 3 main routes of metastasis & common sites affected. - Answer 1. Lymphatic - vessels and
nodes (capillaries> veins > arteries)
2. Blood - haematogenous
3. Direct seeding - sheds off cancer/tumour into body cavity
Many cancers first enter the blood at capillary beds or through thin-walled venules and get carried in
venous blood to the liver and lungs.
, What are the 3 features of acute inflammation and their purpose? - Answer Hyperaemia - increased
blood flow to part of body/site of injury
Oedema - build up of fluid in interstitial tissue/swelling
Neutrophils - white blood cell that heals damaged tissue and resolves infection
What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? - Answer Resolution - healing without
scarring
Organisation - healing with scarring
Chronic inflammation - repeated attempts at repair
What are the 3 main components of granulation tissue & their role/purpose in repair? - Answer
Fibroblasts - secrete collagen proteins
Macrophages - coordinate and clean up
Angiogenesis - supply new blood vessels
What are the consequences of healing through organisation? - Answer Loss of functional abilities
Creates weak point
Promotes clotting
What are the 3 main causes of chronic inflammation? - Answer Repeated acute
Unresolved acute
Special - no acute inflammation leading up to chronic inflammation (some auto-immune reactions)
Define the 3 general features of chronic inflammation? - Answer Ongoing injury -
Repeated attempts at repair - through formation of granulation tissue
Lymphocytes -
What is meant by sterile & non-sterile sites in the human body? - Answer Sterile - not exposed to
microorganisms (blood, CSF, upper urogenital, lower respiratory tract)
Solved Solutions.
Define types of cellular adaptation & explain when these processes are not possible/reversible. - Answer
Hyperplasia - Cells divide and increase in number.
Metaplasia - Changes from one well differentiated cell type to another.
Atrophy - Decrease in cell size.
Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size.
Describe the main differences between apoptosis & necrosis. - Answer Apoptosis - Active process,
programmed cell suicide, slow process, doesn't kill neighbouring cells.
Necrosis - Passive process, acute process/sudden, kills neighbouring cells.
What is an infarct and how does it occur? - Answer An infarct is the area of necrosis (dead tissue -
resulting from a failure of blood supply)
What determines whether a stimulus causes atrophy or infarction? - Answer The amount of time the
stimulus is applied.
Atrophy = slow, part of apoptosis
Infarction = sudden, part of necrosis
Define neoplasia, tumour, malignancy, dysplasia, -in-situ & metastasis/metastasize? - Answer Neoplasia
- new uncontrolled growth of cells
Tumour - new cells - abnormal mass of tissue as a result of cells dividing more than required or cells do
not die off when they should.
Malignancy - fatal/cancerous tumour.
Dysplasia - is the change of a well differentiated cell to a undifferentiated cell (not considered a
mutation).
In-situ - mutated cells haven't broken through the basement membrane.
,Metastasis - cell moving to a distant site.
Explain the basic risk factors for the development of mutation & tumourgenesis. - Answer - stimuli that
promote division of cells
- alternated environment
Understand the 8 behavioural changes that occur in cancer cells as a result of multiple mutations. -
Answer Proliferate without stimuli
irresponsive to growth inhibitors
Ability evade apoptosis
Self Sufficiency
Sustained Angiogenesis
Understand the main differences between benign & malignant tumours. - Answer Benign:
Encapsulated
Don't metastasis
Homogenous
Malignant:
Non encapsulated
Metastasise
Heterogenous
List the 3 main routes of metastasis & common sites affected. - Answer 1. Lymphatic - vessels and
nodes (capillaries> veins > arteries)
2. Blood - haematogenous
3. Direct seeding - sheds off cancer/tumour into body cavity
Many cancers first enter the blood at capillary beds or through thin-walled venules and get carried in
venous blood to the liver and lungs.
, What are the 3 features of acute inflammation and their purpose? - Answer Hyperaemia - increased
blood flow to part of body/site of injury
Oedema - build up of fluid in interstitial tissue/swelling
Neutrophils - white blood cell that heals damaged tissue and resolves infection
What are the 3 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? - Answer Resolution - healing without
scarring
Organisation - healing with scarring
Chronic inflammation - repeated attempts at repair
What are the 3 main components of granulation tissue & their role/purpose in repair? - Answer
Fibroblasts - secrete collagen proteins
Macrophages - coordinate and clean up
Angiogenesis - supply new blood vessels
What are the consequences of healing through organisation? - Answer Loss of functional abilities
Creates weak point
Promotes clotting
What are the 3 main causes of chronic inflammation? - Answer Repeated acute
Unresolved acute
Special - no acute inflammation leading up to chronic inflammation (some auto-immune reactions)
Define the 3 general features of chronic inflammation? - Answer Ongoing injury -
Repeated attempts at repair - through formation of granulation tissue
Lymphocytes -
What is meant by sterile & non-sterile sites in the human body? - Answer Sterile - not exposed to
microorganisms (blood, CSF, upper urogenital, lower respiratory tract)
