PHA 6111 LEC: Module 9
Exam Study Guide
Compounding - ANSWER small-scale manufacture of medicines from basic ingredients
in the community or in
hospital pharmacy
medicines are not available commercially in the market - ANSWER extemporaneous
compounding should only be used when ________
Low demand
Requires an individualized dose
Requires an individualized formulation for a patient - ANSWER Medicines are not
available in the market because:
industrial methylated spirits (IMS) - ANSWER suitable solution for cleaning work area
floor
skin
refrigeration
supply of main (potable) water - ANSWER Premises standard
USP, NF or FCC - ANSWER recommended source of ingredients for compounding all
drug preparations.
analytical reagent (AR) or certified American Chemical Society (ACS) grade - ANSWER
Alternative high quality source of ingredients
manufactured products from containers labeled with a batch control number and a
future expiration date - ANSWER what are acceptable potential sources of active
ingredients?
more of the chemical should be weighed to obtain the actual active drug - ANSWER
more molecules of water present in the molecule ==
tight containers;
to prevent the loss or gain of moisture - ANSWER HYDRATES AND SOLVATES should be
packaged in _______ to _______
, to minimize exposure to high humidity levels - ANSWER why is storage at indicated
temperature important?
particle size, tendency to absorb or give off water and pH - ANSWER what
characteristics of inorganic salts affect their physical and chemical properties?
acid; original - ANSWER ________ salt corresponding to an insoluble salt will be more
water soluble than the ________ salt
Sulfides - ANSWER water insoluble except for their alkali metal salts
alkali metal salts of sulfides - ANSWER what salts of sulfides are water soluble?
to increase their aqueous solubility - ANSWER why are salts of drugs used?
Salt forms - ANSWER may also be used to enhance stability and change other attributes
of the drug to aid handling during compounding.
for solubility and stability purposes,
enhance resistance to degradation after administration
for use as prodrugs - ANSWER why are esters prepared?
if they precipitate and damage the surrounding tissue - ANSWER why do some drugs
cause pain at the site of injection?
prepare a drug with increased solubility - ANSWER how to overcome pain at the site of
injection?
suspension, in place of the solution - ANSWER when esters that are poorly soluble are
prepared to increase stability, what dosage form is formed?
suspension; solution - ANSWER A drug in ________ degrades at much slower rate than in
________. (Solution/suspension)
Quantities required for dosing or compounding are too small for accurate weighing.
Some items (e.g. nitroglycerin) are explosive and must be diluted for safe handling
Many substances, such as acids & bases, are commercially available in percentage
strengths that vary from one acid to another. - ANSWER Reasons for preparing aliquots,
dilutions and concentrates:
dried or anhydrous basis - ANSWER Determinations of potency are done on ____
mcg of activity per mg of substance - ANSWER potency of antibiotics is commonly
expressed as
Proteins - ANSWER inherently unstable molecules and require special handling, and
their degradation profiles can be quite complex
Exam Study Guide
Compounding - ANSWER small-scale manufacture of medicines from basic ingredients
in the community or in
hospital pharmacy
medicines are not available commercially in the market - ANSWER extemporaneous
compounding should only be used when ________
Low demand
Requires an individualized dose
Requires an individualized formulation for a patient - ANSWER Medicines are not
available in the market because:
industrial methylated spirits (IMS) - ANSWER suitable solution for cleaning work area
floor
skin
refrigeration
supply of main (potable) water - ANSWER Premises standard
USP, NF or FCC - ANSWER recommended source of ingredients for compounding all
drug preparations.
analytical reagent (AR) or certified American Chemical Society (ACS) grade - ANSWER
Alternative high quality source of ingredients
manufactured products from containers labeled with a batch control number and a
future expiration date - ANSWER what are acceptable potential sources of active
ingredients?
more of the chemical should be weighed to obtain the actual active drug - ANSWER
more molecules of water present in the molecule ==
tight containers;
to prevent the loss or gain of moisture - ANSWER HYDRATES AND SOLVATES should be
packaged in _______ to _______
, to minimize exposure to high humidity levels - ANSWER why is storage at indicated
temperature important?
particle size, tendency to absorb or give off water and pH - ANSWER what
characteristics of inorganic salts affect their physical and chemical properties?
acid; original - ANSWER ________ salt corresponding to an insoluble salt will be more
water soluble than the ________ salt
Sulfides - ANSWER water insoluble except for their alkali metal salts
alkali metal salts of sulfides - ANSWER what salts of sulfides are water soluble?
to increase their aqueous solubility - ANSWER why are salts of drugs used?
Salt forms - ANSWER may also be used to enhance stability and change other attributes
of the drug to aid handling during compounding.
for solubility and stability purposes,
enhance resistance to degradation after administration
for use as prodrugs - ANSWER why are esters prepared?
if they precipitate and damage the surrounding tissue - ANSWER why do some drugs
cause pain at the site of injection?
prepare a drug with increased solubility - ANSWER how to overcome pain at the site of
injection?
suspension, in place of the solution - ANSWER when esters that are poorly soluble are
prepared to increase stability, what dosage form is formed?
suspension; solution - ANSWER A drug in ________ degrades at much slower rate than in
________. (Solution/suspension)
Quantities required for dosing or compounding are too small for accurate weighing.
Some items (e.g. nitroglycerin) are explosive and must be diluted for safe handling
Many substances, such as acids & bases, are commercially available in percentage
strengths that vary from one acid to another. - ANSWER Reasons for preparing aliquots,
dilutions and concentrates:
dried or anhydrous basis - ANSWER Determinations of potency are done on ____
mcg of activity per mg of substance - ANSWER potency of antibiotics is commonly
expressed as
Proteins - ANSWER inherently unstable molecules and require special handling, and
their degradation profiles can be quite complex
