HESI RN MEDICAL SURGICAL EXAM
PACK 2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
An ER nurse is completing an assessment on a patient that is alert but struggles to answer
questions. When she attempts to talk, she slurs her speech and appears very frightened. What
additional clinical manifestation does the nurse expect to find if nacy's sysmptoms have been
caused by a brain attack (stroke)?
A. A carotid bruit
B. A hypotensive blood pressure
✅✅
C. hyperreflexic deep tendon relexes.
D. Decreased bowel sounds - -A) A carotid bruit.
Rationale: the carotid artery (artery to the brain) is narrowed in clients with a brain attack. A bruit
is an abnormal sound heard on auscultation resulting from interference with normal blood flow.
Usually the blood pressure is hypertensive. Initially flaccid paralysis occurs, resulting in
hyporefkexic deep tendon reflexes. Bowel sounds are not indicative of a brain attack.
Which clinical manifestation further supports an assessment of a left-sided brain attack?
A) Visual field deficit on the left side.
B) Spatial-perceptual deficits.
C) Paresthesia of the left side.
✅✅
D) Global aphasia.
D) Global aphasia. - -D) Global aphasia.
Rationale: Global aphasia refers to difficulty speaking, listening, and understanding, as well as
difficulty reading and writing. Symptoms vary from person to person. Aphasia may occur
secondary to any brain injury involving the left hemisphere. Visual field deficits,
spatial-perceptual deficits, and paresthsia of the left side usually occur with right-sided brain
attack.
When preparing a patient for a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan STAT, what
nursing intervention should the nurse implement?
A) Determine if the client has any allergies to iodine
B) Explain that the client will not be able to move her head throughout the CT scan.
✅✅
C) Premedicate the client to decrease pain prior to having the procedure.
D) Provide an explanation of relaxation exercises prior to the procedure. - -B) Explain that
the client will not be able to move her head throughout the CT scan.
,Rationale: Because head motion will distort the images, Nancy will have to remain still
throughout the procedure. Allergies to iodine is important if contrast dye is being used for the CT
scan. Premedicating the client to decrease pain prior to the procedure is unnecessary because
CT scanning is a noninvasive and painless procedure. Providing an explanation of relaxation
exercises prior to the procedure is a worthwhile intervention to decrease anxiety but is not of
highest priority.
A neurologist prescribes a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head STAT for a patient.
Which data warrants immediate intervention by the nurse concerning this diagnostic test?
A) Elevated blood pressure.
B) Allergy to shell fish.
✅✅-C) Right hip replacement.
C) Right hip replacement.
D) History of atrial fibrillation. -
The magnetic field generated by the MRI is so strong that metal-containing items are strongly
attracted to the magnet. Because the hip joint is made of metal, a lead shield must be used
during the procedure. Elevated blood pressure, an allergy to shell fish, and a history of atrial
fibrillation would not affect the MRI.
A client's daughter is sitting by her mother's bedside who was recently transferred to the
Intermediate Care Unit. She states "I don't understand what a brain attack is. The healthcare
provider told me my mother is in serious condition and they are going to run several tests. I just
don't know what is going on. What happened to my mother?" What is the best response by the
nurse?
A) "I am sorry, but according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA), I
cannot give you any information."
B) "Your mother has had a stroke, and the blood supply to the brain has been blocked."
C) "How do you feel about what the healthcare provider said?"
✅✅
D) "I will call the healthcare provider so he/she can talk to you about your mother's serious
condition." - -B) "Your mother has had a stroke, and the blood supply to the brain has been
blocked."
Rationale: The nurse can discuss what a diagnosis means. Nancy is unable to make decisions,
so the next of kin, her daughter, Gail, needs sufficient information to make informed decisions.
The nurse has the knowledge, and the responsibility, to explain Nancy's condition to Gail. The
nurse should give facts first, and then address her feelings after the information is provided.
What is the normal range for cardiac output? - ✅✅
-The normal range for cardiac output to
ensure cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery is 4 to 8 L/min.
A client was admitted with the diagnosis of a brain attack. Their symptoms began 24 hours
before being admitted. Why would this client not be a candidate for for thrombolytic therapy? -
,✅✅-Thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated in clients with symptom onset longer than 3 hours
prior to admission. This client had symptoms for 24 hours before being brought to the medical
center
What are plate guards? - ✅✅ -Plate guards prevent food from being pushed off the plate.
Using plate guards and other assistive devices will encourage independence in a client with a
self-care deficit.
Which condition is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for a brain attack?
A) High cholesterol levels.
B) Obesity.
✅✅
C) History of atrial fibrillation.
D) Advanced age. - -D) Advanced age.
Rationale: People over age 55 are a high-risk group for a brain attack because the incidence of
stroke more than doubles in each successive decade of life. Non-modifiable means the client
cannot do anything to change the risk factor. All the other options are modifiable risk factors.
A client is experiencing homonymous hemianopsia as the result of a brain attack. Which nursing
intervention would the nurse implement to address this condition?
A) Turn Nancy every two hours and perform active range of motion exercises.
B) Place the objects Nancy needs for activities of daily living on the left side of the table.
C) Speak slowly and clearly to assist Nancy in forming sounds to words.
✅✅
D) Request that the dietary department thicken all liquids on Nancy's meal and snack trays. -
-B) Place the objects Nancy needs for activities of daily living on the left side of the table.
Rationale: Homonymous hemianopsia is loss of the visual field on the same side as the
paralyzed side. This results in the client neglecting that side of the body, so it is beneficial to
place objects on that side. Nancy had a left-hemisphere brain attack so her right side is the
weak side. Speaking slowly and clearly would address the client's verbal deficits due to aphasia.
Requesting all liquids to be thickened would address dysphagia. Turning the client every 2
hours and performing active range of motion exercises would address the client's risk for
immobility due to paralysis.
A physical therapist (PT) places a gait belt on a client and is assisting them with ambulation
from the bed to the chair. As they get up out of the bed, they report being dizzy and begin to fall.
The PT carefully allows them to fall back to the bed and notifies the primary nurse. Which
written documentation should the nurse put in the client's record?
A) Client experienced orthostatic hypotension when getting out of bed.
B) PT reported client complained of dizziness when getting out of bed, and gait belt was used to
allow client to fall back onto the bed.
, C) PT notified the primary nurse that the client could not ambulate at this time because of
dizziness.
✅✅
D) Client had difficulty ambulating from the bed to the chair when accompanied by the PT,
variance report completed. - -B) PT reported client complained of dizziness when getting
out of bed, and gait belt was used to allow client to fall back onto the bed.
Rationale: This documentation provides the factual data of the events that occurred. A)The
nurse is making an assumption that the dizziness was caused by orthostatic hypotension. C)
Not all the pertinent facts are included in this documentation.
D) A variance report should never be documented in the client's record.
A new nurse graduate is caring for a postoperative client with the following arterial blood gases
(ABGs): pH, 7.30; PCO2, 60 mm Hg; PO2, 80 mm Hg; bicarbonate, 24 mEq/L; and O2
saturation, 96%. Which of these actions by the new graduate is indicated?
A) Encourage the client to use the incentive spirometer and to cough.
B) Administer oxygen by nasal cannula.
✅✅
C) Request a prescription for sodium bicarbonate from the health care provider.
D) Inform the charge nurse that no changes in therapy are needed. - -A) Encourage the
client to use the incentive spirometer and to cough.
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis is caused by CO2 retention and impaired chest expansion
secondary to anesthesia. The nurse takes steps to promote CO2 elimination, including
maintaining a patent airway and expanding the lungs through breathing techniques. O2 is not
indicated because Po2 and oxygen saturation are within the normal range. Sodium bicarbonate
is not indicated because the bicarbonate level is in the normal range; promoting excretion of
respiratory acids is the priority in respiratory acidosis. Post anesthesia, the client will need
interventions as described in A above or may progress to a state of somnolence and
unresponsiveness.
The nurse is providing dietary instructions to a 68-year-old client who is at high risk for
development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Which information should the nurse include?
A) Limit dietary selection of cholesterol to 300 mg per day
B) Increase intake of soluble fiber to 10 to 25 grams per day.
✅✅-B) Increase intake of
C) Decrease plant stanols and sterols to less than 2 grams/day.
D) Ensure saturated fat is less than 30% of total caloric intake. -
soluble fiber to 10 to 25 grams per day.
Rationale: To reduce risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, the daily intake of
soluble fiber (B) should be increased to between 10 and 25 gm. Cholesterol intake (A) should
be limited to 180 mg/day or less. Intake of plant stanols and sterols is recommended at 2 g/day
(C). Saturated fat (D) intake should be limited to 7% of total daily calories.
PACK 2024 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
An ER nurse is completing an assessment on a patient that is alert but struggles to answer
questions. When she attempts to talk, she slurs her speech and appears very frightened. What
additional clinical manifestation does the nurse expect to find if nacy's sysmptoms have been
caused by a brain attack (stroke)?
A. A carotid bruit
B. A hypotensive blood pressure
✅✅
C. hyperreflexic deep tendon relexes.
D. Decreased bowel sounds - -A) A carotid bruit.
Rationale: the carotid artery (artery to the brain) is narrowed in clients with a brain attack. A bruit
is an abnormal sound heard on auscultation resulting from interference with normal blood flow.
Usually the blood pressure is hypertensive. Initially flaccid paralysis occurs, resulting in
hyporefkexic deep tendon reflexes. Bowel sounds are not indicative of a brain attack.
Which clinical manifestation further supports an assessment of a left-sided brain attack?
A) Visual field deficit on the left side.
B) Spatial-perceptual deficits.
C) Paresthesia of the left side.
✅✅
D) Global aphasia.
D) Global aphasia. - -D) Global aphasia.
Rationale: Global aphasia refers to difficulty speaking, listening, and understanding, as well as
difficulty reading and writing. Symptoms vary from person to person. Aphasia may occur
secondary to any brain injury involving the left hemisphere. Visual field deficits,
spatial-perceptual deficits, and paresthsia of the left side usually occur with right-sided brain
attack.
When preparing a patient for a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan STAT, what
nursing intervention should the nurse implement?
A) Determine if the client has any allergies to iodine
B) Explain that the client will not be able to move her head throughout the CT scan.
✅✅
C) Premedicate the client to decrease pain prior to having the procedure.
D) Provide an explanation of relaxation exercises prior to the procedure. - -B) Explain that
the client will not be able to move her head throughout the CT scan.
,Rationale: Because head motion will distort the images, Nancy will have to remain still
throughout the procedure. Allergies to iodine is important if contrast dye is being used for the CT
scan. Premedicating the client to decrease pain prior to the procedure is unnecessary because
CT scanning is a noninvasive and painless procedure. Providing an explanation of relaxation
exercises prior to the procedure is a worthwhile intervention to decrease anxiety but is not of
highest priority.
A neurologist prescribes a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head STAT for a patient.
Which data warrants immediate intervention by the nurse concerning this diagnostic test?
A) Elevated blood pressure.
B) Allergy to shell fish.
✅✅-C) Right hip replacement.
C) Right hip replacement.
D) History of atrial fibrillation. -
The magnetic field generated by the MRI is so strong that metal-containing items are strongly
attracted to the magnet. Because the hip joint is made of metal, a lead shield must be used
during the procedure. Elevated blood pressure, an allergy to shell fish, and a history of atrial
fibrillation would not affect the MRI.
A client's daughter is sitting by her mother's bedside who was recently transferred to the
Intermediate Care Unit. She states "I don't understand what a brain attack is. The healthcare
provider told me my mother is in serious condition and they are going to run several tests. I just
don't know what is going on. What happened to my mother?" What is the best response by the
nurse?
A) "I am sorry, but according to the Health Insurance Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA), I
cannot give you any information."
B) "Your mother has had a stroke, and the blood supply to the brain has been blocked."
C) "How do you feel about what the healthcare provider said?"
✅✅
D) "I will call the healthcare provider so he/she can talk to you about your mother's serious
condition." - -B) "Your mother has had a stroke, and the blood supply to the brain has been
blocked."
Rationale: The nurse can discuss what a diagnosis means. Nancy is unable to make decisions,
so the next of kin, her daughter, Gail, needs sufficient information to make informed decisions.
The nurse has the knowledge, and the responsibility, to explain Nancy's condition to Gail. The
nurse should give facts first, and then address her feelings after the information is provided.
What is the normal range for cardiac output? - ✅✅
-The normal range for cardiac output to
ensure cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery is 4 to 8 L/min.
A client was admitted with the diagnosis of a brain attack. Their symptoms began 24 hours
before being admitted. Why would this client not be a candidate for for thrombolytic therapy? -
,✅✅-Thrombolytic therapy is contraindicated in clients with symptom onset longer than 3 hours
prior to admission. This client had symptoms for 24 hours before being brought to the medical
center
What are plate guards? - ✅✅ -Plate guards prevent food from being pushed off the plate.
Using plate guards and other assistive devices will encourage independence in a client with a
self-care deficit.
Which condition is considered a non-modifiable risk factor for a brain attack?
A) High cholesterol levels.
B) Obesity.
✅✅
C) History of atrial fibrillation.
D) Advanced age. - -D) Advanced age.
Rationale: People over age 55 are a high-risk group for a brain attack because the incidence of
stroke more than doubles in each successive decade of life. Non-modifiable means the client
cannot do anything to change the risk factor. All the other options are modifiable risk factors.
A client is experiencing homonymous hemianopsia as the result of a brain attack. Which nursing
intervention would the nurse implement to address this condition?
A) Turn Nancy every two hours and perform active range of motion exercises.
B) Place the objects Nancy needs for activities of daily living on the left side of the table.
C) Speak slowly and clearly to assist Nancy in forming sounds to words.
✅✅
D) Request that the dietary department thicken all liquids on Nancy's meal and snack trays. -
-B) Place the objects Nancy needs for activities of daily living on the left side of the table.
Rationale: Homonymous hemianopsia is loss of the visual field on the same side as the
paralyzed side. This results in the client neglecting that side of the body, so it is beneficial to
place objects on that side. Nancy had a left-hemisphere brain attack so her right side is the
weak side. Speaking slowly and clearly would address the client's verbal deficits due to aphasia.
Requesting all liquids to be thickened would address dysphagia. Turning the client every 2
hours and performing active range of motion exercises would address the client's risk for
immobility due to paralysis.
A physical therapist (PT) places a gait belt on a client and is assisting them with ambulation
from the bed to the chair. As they get up out of the bed, they report being dizzy and begin to fall.
The PT carefully allows them to fall back to the bed and notifies the primary nurse. Which
written documentation should the nurse put in the client's record?
A) Client experienced orthostatic hypotension when getting out of bed.
B) PT reported client complained of dizziness when getting out of bed, and gait belt was used to
allow client to fall back onto the bed.
, C) PT notified the primary nurse that the client could not ambulate at this time because of
dizziness.
✅✅
D) Client had difficulty ambulating from the bed to the chair when accompanied by the PT,
variance report completed. - -B) PT reported client complained of dizziness when getting
out of bed, and gait belt was used to allow client to fall back onto the bed.
Rationale: This documentation provides the factual data of the events that occurred. A)The
nurse is making an assumption that the dizziness was caused by orthostatic hypotension. C)
Not all the pertinent facts are included in this documentation.
D) A variance report should never be documented in the client's record.
A new nurse graduate is caring for a postoperative client with the following arterial blood gases
(ABGs): pH, 7.30; PCO2, 60 mm Hg; PO2, 80 mm Hg; bicarbonate, 24 mEq/L; and O2
saturation, 96%. Which of these actions by the new graduate is indicated?
A) Encourage the client to use the incentive spirometer and to cough.
B) Administer oxygen by nasal cannula.
✅✅
C) Request a prescription for sodium bicarbonate from the health care provider.
D) Inform the charge nurse that no changes in therapy are needed. - -A) Encourage the
client to use the incentive spirometer and to cough.
Rationale: Respiratory acidosis is caused by CO2 retention and impaired chest expansion
secondary to anesthesia. The nurse takes steps to promote CO2 elimination, including
maintaining a patent airway and expanding the lungs through breathing techniques. O2 is not
indicated because Po2 and oxygen saturation are within the normal range. Sodium bicarbonate
is not indicated because the bicarbonate level is in the normal range; promoting excretion of
respiratory acids is the priority in respiratory acidosis. Post anesthesia, the client will need
interventions as described in A above or may progress to a state of somnolence and
unresponsiveness.
The nurse is providing dietary instructions to a 68-year-old client who is at high risk for
development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Which information should the nurse include?
A) Limit dietary selection of cholesterol to 300 mg per day
B) Increase intake of soluble fiber to 10 to 25 grams per day.
✅✅-B) Increase intake of
C) Decrease plant stanols and sterols to less than 2 grams/day.
D) Ensure saturated fat is less than 30% of total caloric intake. -
soluble fiber to 10 to 25 grams per day.
Rationale: To reduce risk factors associated with coronary heart disease, the daily intake of
soluble fiber (B) should be increased to between 10 and 25 gm. Cholesterol intake (A) should
be limited to 180 mg/day or less. Intake of plant stanols and sterols is recommended at 2 g/day
(C). Saturated fat (D) intake should be limited to 7% of total daily calories.
