UNH BIOL412 exam 2 Questions Answered Correctly (Already Passed)

UNH BIOL412 exam 2 Questions Answered Correctly (Already Passed) Describe the different species concepts and the limitations of each one - Answers Morphological - similar physical traits limits- some species look very different/ some different species look similar Biological - ability to breed and reproduce limits- doesn't apply to asexual organisms or organisms that are dead/ not able to show breeding patterns Ecological - organisms that adapt to the environment limits- populations can live in same habitat but never interbreed Phylogenic - share a common ancestor limits- phylogeny is subjective and complicated; it's a hypothesis so you can't be confident Determine whether individuals are the same or different species based on the different species concepts - Answers Biological- same idk this one Differentiate between the types of pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolating mechanisms - Answers Prezygotic - barriers happen before zygote Postzygotic - barriers happen after zygote Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation processes - Answers Allopatric- geographic isolation Sympatric- within the same location Describe mechanisms of reduced gene flow that lead to allopatric and sympatric speciation - Answers geographic isolation greatly reduces gene flow Describe mechanisms of divergence that lead to allopatric and sympatric speciation - Answers Allopatric- geographic isolation Sympatric- polyploidy Explain how polyploidy can lead to the formation of a new species - Answers It makes fertilization incompatible because it changes the genome of the species. The genome is duplicated and forms gametes that have different chromosome numbers Describe possible outcomes from secondary contact - Answers Fusion- Two species separate, then interbreed and fuse into one species again Reinforcement- Two species diverge even further (select against hybrids) Transient hybrid zones- A temporary hybrid region that will lead to fusion or reinforcement (extrinsic barrier) Hybrids- Hybrids form new individual species (mix hybrids to get three species that cannot mate) Explain the different levels of assessing biodiversity - Answers Genetic • Difference within the species (DNA) Species • Variety of species in a given area Ecosystem • Variety of habitats Explain metrics used to measure biodiversity- species richness, species eveness, alpha, beta, gamma diversity - Answers Species richness- # of species Species eveness- abundance of each species Alpha • Species richness (number of species in designated area) Beta • Number of unique species (between areas) Gamma • Total number of species Explain General global trends in biodiversity - Answers there was a decline Explain why biodiversity matters to ecosystem - Answers Higher biodiversity= higher stability in ecosystem Describe the types of organisms in each of the three domains and in each of the kingdoms associated with each domain - Answers Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Compare and contrast characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - Answers Prokaryotic- smaller in size, circular DNA Eukaryotic- larger, linear DNA Explain how genetic diversity arises in bacterial cells - Answers Transformation, conjugation, transduction Explain the relationship between surface area and volume and how this contributes to limitations on cell size - Answers Cell increase in size= decrease in surface area-to-volume ratio. Insufficient surface area to support increase in cell size= cell division/cell death Compare and contrast the characteristics and habitats of bacteria and archaea - Answers Bacteria • 3 shapes, rod spiral, spherical • Circle DNA • Glide, use flagella • Pili stick to surfaces • Purple gram stain • Has peptidoglycan Archaea • Many shapes • Pink gram stains • Extreme habitats • More closely related to eukaryote • Do not have peptidoglycan Describe the types of organisms in each of the three domains and in each of the kingdoms associated with each domain - Answers 1) Bacteria 2) Archaea 3) Eukarya