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EXSC351 Lecture 16 Study Guide.
Stability - Answers✔refers to the ability to counteract internal and external forces that would
disrupt the position and integrity of the body, limbs and joints
- Maintain some sort of steady state
postural control - Answers✔regulates stability the body, limbs, and joints
- Helps prevent injuries of the body, limbs, and joints
- Facilitates control of motor skills by preventing unwanted movements
Balance (Whole-Body Stability) - Answers✔is used to prevent and prepare for falls
Segmental Stability - Answers✔is used to facilitate motor skills by preventing body segments
and limbs from producing undesired forces and movements (e.g., core stability)
Joint Stability - Answers✔is used to maintain joint integrity by preventing undesired forces and
movements while allowing desired movements (joint mobility)
- Arthogenic muscle inhibition
Postural control involves - Answers✔regulation of alignment, orientation, and tone of the body,
limbs, and joints
Alignment - Answers✔refers to positioning of the body, limbs, and joints relative to one another
- Helps stabilize the body, limbs, and joints
- Maintain balance and trunk stability/alignment relative to other parts of the body
Orientation - Answers✔refers to positioning of the body, limbs, and joints relative to the
environment
- Facilitates sensory processing that is used for postural control
- Having head up right to gather visual information, process vestibular information better
tone - Answers✔refers to the ability of the body, limbs, and joints to resist movement
- Creates stability the body, limbs, and joints - basic tone is important for maintaining stability
- Prevents mobility of the body, limbs, and joints
1
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muscle tone - Answers✔refers to the ability of muscles to resist lengthening (stretch)
- Involves a trade-off between stiffness and compliance
- Longer muscle, greater passive tone than shorter muscle (need to have more active tone from
contraction)
passive muscle tone - Answers✔refers to permanent tone created by elasticity of the muscle-
tendon complex
- Inherent property of muscle and tendon tissues
active muscle tone - Answers✔refers to temporary tone created by neural activation of muscles
- Involves sensorimotor integration by the CNS
- Results from a combination of spinal reflexes and subconscious supraspinal mechanisms
postural tone - Answers✔refers to the use of muscle tone to support postural control
- Maintains musculoskeletal integrity (illustrated below on right)
- Prevents injuries by providing force dampening (illustrated below on left)
- Regulates storage and release of elastic energy (i.e., neuromechanics)
postural control involves - Answers✔2 types of responses - reactive postural responses and
proactive postural responses
reactive postural responses - Answers✔are produced AFTER destabilization occurs
- Uses sensory feedback to detect ongoing destabilization
- Lose balance, mechanisms are initiated to help regain balance
- Know balance is being disturbed since your head moves, initiating vestibular response, also feel
it from cutaneous response, muscle stretch, joint stability disturbed
- Make corrections to prevent you from falling - minimize destabilization and return to steady
state
proactive postural responses - Answers✔are produced BEFORE destabilization occurs
- Uses feedforward information to anticipate future destabilization
- Can see someone that may bump into you
- Prior experience allows you to make predictions about how contact will disrupt body → make
changes in tone
two subtypes of proactive responses to feedforward information - Answers✔sensory-evoked
proactive responses and anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs)
2
EXSC351 Lecture 16 Study Guide.
Stability - Answers✔refers to the ability to counteract internal and external forces that would
disrupt the position and integrity of the body, limbs and joints
- Maintain some sort of steady state
postural control - Answers✔regulates stability the body, limbs, and joints
- Helps prevent injuries of the body, limbs, and joints
- Facilitates control of motor skills by preventing unwanted movements
Balance (Whole-Body Stability) - Answers✔is used to prevent and prepare for falls
Segmental Stability - Answers✔is used to facilitate motor skills by preventing body segments
and limbs from producing undesired forces and movements (e.g., core stability)
Joint Stability - Answers✔is used to maintain joint integrity by preventing undesired forces and
movements while allowing desired movements (joint mobility)
- Arthogenic muscle inhibition
Postural control involves - Answers✔regulation of alignment, orientation, and tone of the body,
limbs, and joints
Alignment - Answers✔refers to positioning of the body, limbs, and joints relative to one another
- Helps stabilize the body, limbs, and joints
- Maintain balance and trunk stability/alignment relative to other parts of the body
Orientation - Answers✔refers to positioning of the body, limbs, and joints relative to the
environment
- Facilitates sensory processing that is used for postural control
- Having head up right to gather visual information, process vestibular information better
tone - Answers✔refers to the ability of the body, limbs, and joints to resist movement
- Creates stability the body, limbs, and joints - basic tone is important for maintaining stability
- Prevents mobility of the body, limbs, and joints
1
, ©FYNDLAY
muscle tone - Answers✔refers to the ability of muscles to resist lengthening (stretch)
- Involves a trade-off between stiffness and compliance
- Longer muscle, greater passive tone than shorter muscle (need to have more active tone from
contraction)
passive muscle tone - Answers✔refers to permanent tone created by elasticity of the muscle-
tendon complex
- Inherent property of muscle and tendon tissues
active muscle tone - Answers✔refers to temporary tone created by neural activation of muscles
- Involves sensorimotor integration by the CNS
- Results from a combination of spinal reflexes and subconscious supraspinal mechanisms
postural tone - Answers✔refers to the use of muscle tone to support postural control
- Maintains musculoskeletal integrity (illustrated below on right)
- Prevents injuries by providing force dampening (illustrated below on left)
- Regulates storage and release of elastic energy (i.e., neuromechanics)
postural control involves - Answers✔2 types of responses - reactive postural responses and
proactive postural responses
reactive postural responses - Answers✔are produced AFTER destabilization occurs
- Uses sensory feedback to detect ongoing destabilization
- Lose balance, mechanisms are initiated to help regain balance
- Know balance is being disturbed since your head moves, initiating vestibular response, also feel
it from cutaneous response, muscle stretch, joint stability disturbed
- Make corrections to prevent you from falling - minimize destabilization and return to steady
state
proactive postural responses - Answers✔are produced BEFORE destabilization occurs
- Uses feedforward information to anticipate future destabilization
- Can see someone that may bump into you
- Prior experience allows you to make predictions about how contact will disrupt body → make
changes in tone
two subtypes of proactive responses to feedforward information - Answers✔sensory-evoked
proactive responses and anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs)
2
