PLTW - Biomedical Science - Medical
Interventions 1.1 and 1.2 Unit Review
Exam
Medical Interventions - Correct Answers -A medical intervention is any measure whose
purpose is to improve health or alter the course of a disease.
Pathogens - Correct Answers -Pathogens are biological agents that cause disease
(typically bacteria and viruses, but may also be fungi, protozoans, helminths, or prions).
Bioinformatics - Correct Answers -The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of
biochemical and genetic information using computers
(think "big data" in relation to genetic information)
Transduction - Correct Answers -Bacteriophages (Phage) infecting a bacterium and
taking over its ability to replicate - during this process bacterial DNA may inadvertently
be incorporated into the new phage DNA.
Transformation - Correct Answers -When cells die their DNA is released into the
surrounding environment and other bacteria in close proximity can scavenge the DNA
and incorporate it into its own DNA.
Destruction - Correct Answers -Degrades the antimicrobial
Inactivation - Correct Answers -Modifies the cell by enzymatic activity
Efflux - Correct Answers -A pump that "pumps" out the antimicrobials.
Where are most of the antibiotics used in the US?
Explain how this leads to widespread antibiotic resistance? - Correct Answers -Farms
Too much of it (Antibiotics) is being used and the bacteria are growing more and more
resistant to it.
Outbreak - Correct Answers -An outbreak is when cases of a disease occur in numbers
greater than expected in a specific area or among a specific group of people.
, How can Bioinformatics be used to identify disease pathogens. - Correct Answers -1.
**Genomic Sequencing**: Bioinformatics tools analyze the genetic material of
pathogens. By sequencing the DNA or RNA of a pathogen, researchers can identify its
unique genetic markers.
2. **Comparative Genomics**: By comparing the genomic sequences of known
pathogens with those of unknown samples, scientists can identify similarities that
indicate the presence of a specific pathogen.
3. **Phylogenetic Analysis**: This involves constructing a phylogenetic tree to
understand the evolutionary relationships between different pathogens. It helps in
tracking the source and spread of infectious diseases.
4. **Protein Analysis**: Bioinformatics can also analyze proteins expressed by
pathogens, helping to identify their function and potential vulnerabilities.
5. **Data Integration**: By integrating data from various sources, such as clinical
records, environmental factors, and genetic information, bioinformatics provides a
comprehensive view of disease outbreaks and pathogen characteristics.
Overall, bioinformatics plays a crucial role in modern microbiology and epidemiology,
enhancing our ability to detect and respond to infectious diseases.
What is the purpose of PCR - Correct Answers -PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction,
used to amplify small segments of DNA. It allows scientists to make millions of copies of
a specific DNA sequence,
1. **Denaturation**: The double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into two single
strands.
2. **Annealing**: Short DNA primers attach to the specific target sequences on the
single-stranded DNA.
3. **Extension**: A DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands by adding
nucleotides to the primers, effectively doubling the amount of DNA.
Primers - Correct Answers -Short segments of DNA that are complimentary to the
template strands of a copy so when they attach it provides a double stranded segment
to which DNA Polymerase can attach and begin adding nucleotides.
What region of DNA is used to identify primers that can be used to separate the
pathogen's DNA from the patients? And why? - Correct Answers -Ribosomes -
Pathogens have ribosomes that are unique to every other organism.
Reactants in PCR reaction - Correct Answers -1. Primers
2. DNA Polymerase
3. Nucleotides (dNTPs)
4. Fluorescently labeled ddNTPs
How are ddNTPs different from dNTPs? - Correct Answers -Deoxyribose (Sugar) is
missing an oxygen, and each base has a different colored fluorescent tag added.
Interventions 1.1 and 1.2 Unit Review
Exam
Medical Interventions - Correct Answers -A medical intervention is any measure whose
purpose is to improve health or alter the course of a disease.
Pathogens - Correct Answers -Pathogens are biological agents that cause disease
(typically bacteria and viruses, but may also be fungi, protozoans, helminths, or prions).
Bioinformatics - Correct Answers -The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of
biochemical and genetic information using computers
(think "big data" in relation to genetic information)
Transduction - Correct Answers -Bacteriophages (Phage) infecting a bacterium and
taking over its ability to replicate - during this process bacterial DNA may inadvertently
be incorporated into the new phage DNA.
Transformation - Correct Answers -When cells die their DNA is released into the
surrounding environment and other bacteria in close proximity can scavenge the DNA
and incorporate it into its own DNA.
Destruction - Correct Answers -Degrades the antimicrobial
Inactivation - Correct Answers -Modifies the cell by enzymatic activity
Efflux - Correct Answers -A pump that "pumps" out the antimicrobials.
Where are most of the antibiotics used in the US?
Explain how this leads to widespread antibiotic resistance? - Correct Answers -Farms
Too much of it (Antibiotics) is being used and the bacteria are growing more and more
resistant to it.
Outbreak - Correct Answers -An outbreak is when cases of a disease occur in numbers
greater than expected in a specific area or among a specific group of people.
, How can Bioinformatics be used to identify disease pathogens. - Correct Answers -1.
**Genomic Sequencing**: Bioinformatics tools analyze the genetic material of
pathogens. By sequencing the DNA or RNA of a pathogen, researchers can identify its
unique genetic markers.
2. **Comparative Genomics**: By comparing the genomic sequences of known
pathogens with those of unknown samples, scientists can identify similarities that
indicate the presence of a specific pathogen.
3. **Phylogenetic Analysis**: This involves constructing a phylogenetic tree to
understand the evolutionary relationships between different pathogens. It helps in
tracking the source and spread of infectious diseases.
4. **Protein Analysis**: Bioinformatics can also analyze proteins expressed by
pathogens, helping to identify their function and potential vulnerabilities.
5. **Data Integration**: By integrating data from various sources, such as clinical
records, environmental factors, and genetic information, bioinformatics provides a
comprehensive view of disease outbreaks and pathogen characteristics.
Overall, bioinformatics plays a crucial role in modern microbiology and epidemiology,
enhancing our ability to detect and respond to infectious diseases.
What is the purpose of PCR - Correct Answers -PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction,
used to amplify small segments of DNA. It allows scientists to make millions of copies of
a specific DNA sequence,
1. **Denaturation**: The double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into two single
strands.
2. **Annealing**: Short DNA primers attach to the specific target sequences on the
single-stranded DNA.
3. **Extension**: A DNA polymerase enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands by adding
nucleotides to the primers, effectively doubling the amount of DNA.
Primers - Correct Answers -Short segments of DNA that are complimentary to the
template strands of a copy so when they attach it provides a double stranded segment
to which DNA Polymerase can attach and begin adding nucleotides.
What region of DNA is used to identify primers that can be used to separate the
pathogen's DNA from the patients? And why? - Correct Answers -Ribosomes -
Pathogens have ribosomes that are unique to every other organism.
Reactants in PCR reaction - Correct Answers -1. Primers
2. DNA Polymerase
3. Nucleotides (dNTPs)
4. Fluorescently labeled ddNTPs
How are ddNTPs different from dNTPs? - Correct Answers -Deoxyribose (Sugar) is
missing an oxygen, and each base has a different colored fluorescent tag added.
