Theories of growth and development
Erikson - Psychosocial development
● Interventions to assist achieving them
Piaget - Cognitive development
● Sensory stage
○ birth to 2 years
○ learns about reality and how it works
○ object permanence
● Preoperational stage
○ 2 to 7 years
○ past, present and future
○ egocentric
○ symbolic thinking, concrete examples
● Concrete operational
○ 7 to 11 years
○ Classify, order, and sort facts
○ abstract thinking
● Formal operational
, ○ 11 years to adulthood
○ think abstractly and logically
Freud - Psychosexual
● Agencies of the mind id, ego and superego
○ The 3 systems of personality
○ Id
■ Present at birth
■ Seeks to discharge the tension
■ Acts immefiately , impulsive and irrational
○ Ego
■ Reality testing and problem solving
■ 4-5 months of age
■ distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world
○ Superego
■ 3 to 6 years of age
■ conscience and the ego ideal
● Psychosexual stages of development
Hospitalized children
Infant and toddler
● Separation anxiety
● Physical fighting → kicking, bing, hitting, pinching
● Loss of newly learned skills
● Detachement
○ is a form of resignation and is not a sign of contentment
● Toddler may demonstrate regression
● Interventions
○ Cuddling and touch
○ Sucking and oral stimulation
○ Object with contrast colors and texture to provide stimulations
○ Provide choices
○ accept regressive behavior without ridiculing the toddler
○ anticipate temper tantrums, maintain a safe environment
○ play therapy for toddler
○ Provide routines and rituals as close as possible to what they are used to at home
Erikson - Psychosocial development
● Interventions to assist achieving them
Piaget - Cognitive development
● Sensory stage
○ birth to 2 years
○ learns about reality and how it works
○ object permanence
● Preoperational stage
○ 2 to 7 years
○ past, present and future
○ egocentric
○ symbolic thinking, concrete examples
● Concrete operational
○ 7 to 11 years
○ Classify, order, and sort facts
○ abstract thinking
● Formal operational
, ○ 11 years to adulthood
○ think abstractly and logically
Freud - Psychosexual
● Agencies of the mind id, ego and superego
○ The 3 systems of personality
○ Id
■ Present at birth
■ Seeks to discharge the tension
■ Acts immefiately , impulsive and irrational
○ Ego
■ Reality testing and problem solving
■ 4-5 months of age
■ distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the external world
○ Superego
■ 3 to 6 years of age
■ conscience and the ego ideal
● Psychosexual stages of development
Hospitalized children
Infant and toddler
● Separation anxiety
● Physical fighting → kicking, bing, hitting, pinching
● Loss of newly learned skills
● Detachement
○ is a form of resignation and is not a sign of contentment
● Toddler may demonstrate regression
● Interventions
○ Cuddling and touch
○ Sucking and oral stimulation
○ Object with contrast colors and texture to provide stimulations
○ Provide choices
○ accept regressive behavior without ridiculing the toddler
○ anticipate temper tantrums, maintain a safe environment
○ play therapy for toddler
○ Provide routines and rituals as close as possible to what they are used to at home
