WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS Practice questions for this set Learn 1 / 7 Study with Learn Adaptive immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body. Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-augments the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-infection. - B cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated- can kill pathogens hiding inside cells. Choose matching term 1 How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? 2 What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? 12/15/24, 11:36 AM WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DET… Terms in this set (34) What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax). What is the second line of defense and the process? Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury from any cause. It can occur only in vascularized tissue. How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? Acute- Short duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation. 3 Why is a vaccination safer than suffering from the primary infection prevented by the vaccine? 4 What are the four distinct phases of infectious disease? Don't know? 12/15/24, 11:36 AM WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DET… What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase 2- Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This stage begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3- Remodeling and Maturation- phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? Neonates often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and alternative complement activity. How and why does aging affect innate immunity? Aging alters the tissue microenvironment and macrophage function with changes in wound healing neoangiogenesis and fibrosis. What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? Adaptive immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body. Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-augments the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-infection. - B cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated- can kill pathogens hiding inside cells. How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed immune response? The human neonate has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the production of IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during the first few post-natal months by maternal antibody that was actively transported across the placenta. 12/15/24, 11:36 AM WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DET… What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? Allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions. Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds with mast cells which release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release leads to bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune response II- tissue specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn. Complement pathway activated III- Immune complex mediated IV- cell mediated - graft rejection What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? Autoimmune disease can be caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone of lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The mechanisms for imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans. What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection - Transfusion reaction What causes an immune deficiency? Immune deficiencies are either congenital or acquired. Primary immune deficiencies are caused by genetic defects that disrupt lymphocyte development, whereas secondary immune deficiencies are secondary to disease or other physiologic alterations. 12/15/24, 11:36 AM WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DET… What are autoinflammatory diseases characterized by? Autoinflammatory disorders are characterized by abnormally high levels of inflammation secondary to mutations in control of inflammasome activation or in defects in cellular receptors of cytokines designed to decrease inflammation. What are some causes of Acquired immunodeficiencies? Acquired immunodeficiencies are caused by superimposed conditions, such as aging, malnutrition, infections, malignancies, physical or psychologic trauma, environmental factors, some medical treatments, or other diseases. How are deficiencies in immunity treated? Deficiencies in immunity usually are treated by replacement therapy. Deficient antibody production is treated by replacement of missing immunoglobulins with commercial gamma globulin preparations. Lymphocyte deficiencies are treated with the replacement of host lymphocytes with transplants of bone marrow, fetal liver, or fetal thymus from a donor. What are the four distinct phases of infectious disease? 1. Incubation Period - initial exposure to onset of the first symptoms 2. Prodromal Stage - occurrence of initial symptoms which are usually mild 3. Invasion Period- pathogen is multiplying rapidly- the immune and inflammatory responses have been activated. 4. Convalescence- immune- inflammatory system removes infection, symptoms subside...or disease could be fatal Describe some direct and indirect ways for transmission of infectious diseases? Direct transmission is through direct contact with infections of another person (fungal, skin lesions, scabies, STIs, lice, herpes). Indirect transmission is through contact with contaminated materials or surfaces.