,Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Basic cell division that produces two identical cells
from one original cell
Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The
haploid cells are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two
rounds of cell division
Genetic Recombination - CORRECT ANSWERS-Segregation of maternal/paternal
chromosomes. A "crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation,
this ensures each haploid cell is genetically distinct
Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Can undergo meiosis to
form an ascus (skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to
reproduce sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation.
Budding off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small
cells bud off they leave scars behind on the larger cells
Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chlamydomonas
maintains a motile haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid
cells differentiate and fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)
Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Exists in a haploid
unicellular form until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a
fruiting body. Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells.
Haploid cells can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis
to generate more haploid cells
Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? - CORRECT ANSWERS-All NAGs
Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-To generate
large numbers of gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the
impact of detrimental genes
Penicillin acts on what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-FtsI and Transpeptidation
True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped
around a core pair of microtubules - CORRECT ANSWERS-True
Endosymbiotic Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago,
but eukaryotes appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive
microorganism (archaea) engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a
proteobacteria), forming a symbiosis. At least two endosymbiotic events must have
occurred (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
,Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-Mitochondria/chloroplasts
resemble bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has
all ester linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to
bacterial sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Amitochondriates lack mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain
energy (Giardia is an example)
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Two cells together are better
than one alone. When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas
died, but some survived
Endosymbiosis Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypothesis - Viable bacteria
remained inside the surviving amoebas
Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibiotics
Results - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died
Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival
Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. - CORRECT
ANSWERS-It hosts them and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are
exposed to the light. They take CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light
is gone and sugar stops being produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and
digest it
Malaria - CORRECT ANSWERS-An infection of red blood cells by protists
Diseases Caused by Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS-The challenge in treating these
conditions is that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not
the host (which is made of eukaryotic cells)
Fungi and Human Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fungi are less likely to cause
disease, but can do so in immuno-compromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral
thrush and athletes foot
Fungi and Plant Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protozoa and fungi can cause
significant disease in plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's.
Phytophthora infestans causes potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate.
Phytophthora have cell walls made of cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of
looks like plants
Rhytisma (Tar Spot) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar
spots will shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform
photosynthesis. It is a parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the
tree generally doesn't suffer. Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality
is good. Japanese maple trees are immune to this
, Cordyceps - CORRECT ANSWERS-Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow
out of the ants dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything
below
Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary producers
provide energy. Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis
in the oceans. Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead
animals and plants so that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal
microbes can degrade cellulose, recycling plant matter better than animals can
Tadigrades (Water Bears) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Not always tough. They are only
tough when they are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere
near are tough as gram positive bacteria
Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Hydrogenoclastic
If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chytridiomycota
Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ascomycota
Which of the following arrangements might result in have flagella at either end of the
cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amphitricus
What is the correct match for Nanoarchaeum? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Igniococcus
What is the correct match for Phytopthora? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Potato Blight
What is the correct match for termite guts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protazoa
What is the correct match for Cordycepts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Arthropods
What is the correct match for amoebas? - CORRECT ANSWERS-X-Bacteria
Why is photpthora strange? - CORRECT ANSWERS-It was weird because it is a fungi
but it does have the typical cell wall (which would be chitin) but it has a cell wall made of
cellulose
Dimitri Ivanovski (1892) - CORRECT ANSWERS-He figured out that there was a
causative agent of diseases that was smaller than cells
Felix D'Herelle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Discovered bacteriophages (coined term
"plaque"). He is a French Canadian. Bacteriophages are small disease particles that
infect bacteria
from one original cell
Meiosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. The
haploid cells are genetically diverse. One round of DNA replication followed by two
rounds of cell division
Genetic Recombination - CORRECT ANSWERS-Segregation of maternal/paternal
chromosomes. A "crossing over" between chromosomes occurs prior to segregation,
this ensures each haploid cell is genetically distinct
Saccharomyces (Fungi) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Can undergo meiosis to
form an ascus (skin bag, the ascus is for meiosis). Haploid mating types can fuse to
reproduce sexually or be maintained by asexual mitosis. Not limited to ascus formation.
Budding off of smaller cells can occur or fission of identically sized cells. When the small
cells bud off they leave scars behind on the larger cells
Chlamydomonas (Algae) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chlamydomonas
maintains a motile haploid state. In favourable environments mitosis occurs. Haploid
cells differentiate and fuse into a diploid form in bad conditions (spore formation)
Dictyostelium (Slime Mould) Life Cycle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Exists in a haploid
unicellular form until conditions worsen. Multicellular "slug" is formed with a stalk and a
fruiting body. Spores form in the fruiting body, restarting the life cycle as haploid cells.
Haploid cells can fuse into a diploid macrocyst form. Macrocyst form undergoes meiosis
to generate more haploid cells
Beer. Wine. Bread. Cell Wall? - CORRECT ANSWERS-All NAGs
Why does Dictoostelium generate macrocysts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-To generate
large numbers of gametes that have new genetic combinations and minimizing the
impact of detrimental genes
Penicillin acts on what? - CORRECT ANSWERS-FtsI and Transpeptidation
True or False - An axoneme is an array where nine pairs of microtubules are wrapped
around a core pair of microtubules - CORRECT ANSWERS-True
Endosymbiotic Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-Life started 4.5 to 4 billion years ago,
but eukaryotes appeared around 2.1 to 1.6 billion years ago. One primitive
microorganism (archaea) engulfed/ingested another (bacteria, probably a
proteobacteria), forming a symbiosis. At least two endosymbiotic events must have
occurred (mitochondria, chloroplasts)
,Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS-Mitochondria/chloroplasts
resemble bacteria in both size and shape. Double membranes (host and bacterium) has
all ester linkages. "Cell" division with FtsZ. Each has its own DNA, rRNA more similar to
bacterial sequences than eukaryal ones. Circular chromosome
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory - Exception - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Amitochondriates lack mitochondria. Cells likely evolved out of using them to obtain
energy (Giardia is an example)
Endosymbiosis in Modern Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Two cells together are better
than one alone. When amoebas were infected with x-bacteria, most of the amoebas
died, but some survived
Endosymbiosis Experiment - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypothesis - Viable bacteria
remained inside the surviving amoebas
Experiment - Treat amoebas with antibiotics
Results - Following treatment with antibiotics, both bacteria and amoebas died
Conclusion - Amoebas had become dependent on bacteria for survival
Paramecium ingesting algae and using them for photosynthesis. - CORRECT
ANSWERS-It hosts them and allows them to continue with photosynthesis has they are
exposed to the light. They take CÓ and release sugars for paramecium. When the light
is gone and sugar stops being produced, the paramecium will break down the algae and
digest it
Malaria - CORRECT ANSWERS-An infection of red blood cells by protists
Diseases Caused by Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS-The challenge in treating these
conditions is that we want to kill the pathogen (which is made of eukaryotic cells) but not
the host (which is made of eukaryotic cells)
Fungi and Human Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fungi are less likely to cause
disease, but can do so in immuno-compromised individuals. Fungi can cause oral
thrush and athletes foot
Fungi and Plant Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protozoa and fungi can cause
significant disease in plants. Potato blight and the great Irish famine, mid-1800's.
Phytophthora infestans causes potato blight. Caused thousands to immigrate.
Phytophthora have cell walls made of cellulose. It sort of looks like fungi and it sort of
looks like plants
Rhytisma (Tar Spot) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Infects maple trees. When it rains, the tar
spots will shoot spores. This interferes with the ability of the leaves to perform
photosynthesis. It is a parasite of maple trees. It doesn't have a huge lasting impact, the
tree generally doesn't suffer. Having these on the trees might mean that your air quality
is good. Japanese maple trees are immune to this
, Cordyceps - CORRECT ANSWERS-Infect ants and eat their insides. They then grow
out of the ants dead bodies so that when it rains the spores will be spread to everything
below
Beneficial Roles of Eukaryal Microbes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary producers
provide energy. Some algae produce great amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis
in the oceans. Biodegraders recycle nutrients. Microbial eukaryotes break down dead
animals and plants so that we aren't living in a world of carcasses. Some eukaryal
microbes can degrade cellulose, recycling plant matter better than animals can
Tadigrades (Water Bears) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Not always tough. They are only
tough when they are in a dehydrated resting state (the tun state). But they are nowhere
near are tough as gram positive bacteria
Which methanogens are the most popular in the environment? - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Hydrogenoclastic
If you are out of mushrooms you are out of? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Chytridiomycota
Dough is made out what before it gets mouldy? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ascomycota
Which of the following arrangements might result in have flagella at either end of the
cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Amphitricus
What is the correct match for Nanoarchaeum? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Igniococcus
What is the correct match for Phytopthora? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Potato Blight
What is the correct match for termite guts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Protazoa
What is the correct match for Cordycepts? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Arthropods
What is the correct match for amoebas? - CORRECT ANSWERS-X-Bacteria
Why is photpthora strange? - CORRECT ANSWERS-It was weird because it is a fungi
but it does have the typical cell wall (which would be chitin) but it has a cell wall made of
cellulose
Dimitri Ivanovski (1892) - CORRECT ANSWERS-He figured out that there was a
causative agent of diseases that was smaller than cells
Felix D'Herelle - CORRECT ANSWERS-Discovered bacteriophages (coined term
"plaque"). He is a French Canadian. Bacteriophages are small disease particles that
infect bacteria
