MCB5252 micro - immuno Exam 1
With Complete Solution
Ligand - ANSWER Molecule that interacts with target cell receptor
Cytokines - ANSWER molecules produced by immune system cells affecting
other immune system cells
4 Hallmarks of every cell: - ANSWER -has nucleic acid made of DNA
-has cell membrane
-be able to reproduce/replicate on its own
-be able to regulate flow of chemicals across membrane
Every cell must have: - ANSWER -plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-chromosomes made of DNA
Cell wall material unique to bacteria: - ANSWER peptidoglycan--> murein
3 architectural regions of bacterial cell: - ANSWER -appendages (proteins
attached to cell surface) like flagella and fimbriae
-cell envelope consisting of capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane
-cytoplasmic regions containing genome and ribosomes
Main determinant of virulence of a pathogen: - ANSWER the capsule
-antibodies work against them to neutralize virulence
,a capsule (located outside of cell wall) is made of - ANSWER polysaccharides
and sometimes proteins
structure of bacteria that protects from osmotic lysis - ANSWER cell wall
cell wall consists of: - ANSWER a polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by
short chains of amino acids; peptidoglycan called murein
gram ____ bacteria have thick cell walls consisting of several peptidoglycan
layers complexed with teichoic acids - ANSWER -positive
-stains purple
gram negative cell walls consists of: - ANSWER thin layer of peptidoglycan
surrounded by an outer membrane
-outer membrane has lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
-space between 2 membranes = periplasmic space
significance of periplasmic space in gram - cell walls - ANSWER contains
transporting enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes
LPS consists of 3 parts:
-which part acts as an endotoxin? - ANSWER -lipid A (endotoxin)
-core polysaccharide or R polysaccharide
-O side chain (O antigen)
Very serious result of the release of an endotoxin: - ANSWER DIC
(Dissimmated Intravasular Coagulator)
porins are exclusive to gram ___
, -importance in cell - ANSWER negative cell walls
-add restriction to size of incoming molecules
which type of cell wall is more resistant to chemicals including antibiotics? -
ANSWER Gram negative
endotoxins are inherent to all gram __ bacteria - ANSWER negative
peptidoglycan, lps, and some teichoic acids induce: - ANSWER the alternate
complement pathway leading to inflammation
Structure of peptidoglycan - ANSWER 2 alternating sugars
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) are crosslinked
by short peptides
membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes differ in that: - ANSWER bacterial
membranes consist of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids and do not
contain sterols
resting cells that exhibit no signs of life; highly resistant to environmental
stresses - ANSWER endospores
endospores are formed mainly by 2 genera of gram ___ bacteria: ______ and
_____ - ANSWER -gram positive
-Bacillus
-Clostridium
first stage of microbial infection: - ANSWER colonization; est. of pathogen at
appropriate portal of entry
Adhesins of E. coli - ANSWER fimbriae
With Complete Solution
Ligand - ANSWER Molecule that interacts with target cell receptor
Cytokines - ANSWER molecules produced by immune system cells affecting
other immune system cells
4 Hallmarks of every cell: - ANSWER -has nucleic acid made of DNA
-has cell membrane
-be able to reproduce/replicate on its own
-be able to regulate flow of chemicals across membrane
Every cell must have: - ANSWER -plasma membrane
-ribosomes
-chromosomes made of DNA
Cell wall material unique to bacteria: - ANSWER peptidoglycan--> murein
3 architectural regions of bacterial cell: - ANSWER -appendages (proteins
attached to cell surface) like flagella and fimbriae
-cell envelope consisting of capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane
-cytoplasmic regions containing genome and ribosomes
Main determinant of virulence of a pathogen: - ANSWER the capsule
-antibodies work against them to neutralize virulence
,a capsule (located outside of cell wall) is made of - ANSWER polysaccharides
and sometimes proteins
structure of bacteria that protects from osmotic lysis - ANSWER cell wall
cell wall consists of: - ANSWER a polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by
short chains of amino acids; peptidoglycan called murein
gram ____ bacteria have thick cell walls consisting of several peptidoglycan
layers complexed with teichoic acids - ANSWER -positive
-stains purple
gram negative cell walls consists of: - ANSWER thin layer of peptidoglycan
surrounded by an outer membrane
-outer membrane has lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
-space between 2 membranes = periplasmic space
significance of periplasmic space in gram - cell walls - ANSWER contains
transporting enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes
LPS consists of 3 parts:
-which part acts as an endotoxin? - ANSWER -lipid A (endotoxin)
-core polysaccharide or R polysaccharide
-O side chain (O antigen)
Very serious result of the release of an endotoxin: - ANSWER DIC
(Dissimmated Intravasular Coagulator)
porins are exclusive to gram ___
, -importance in cell - ANSWER negative cell walls
-add restriction to size of incoming molecules
which type of cell wall is more resistant to chemicals including antibiotics? -
ANSWER Gram negative
endotoxins are inherent to all gram __ bacteria - ANSWER negative
peptidoglycan, lps, and some teichoic acids induce: - ANSWER the alternate
complement pathway leading to inflammation
Structure of peptidoglycan - ANSWER 2 alternating sugars
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) are crosslinked
by short peptides
membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes differ in that: - ANSWER bacterial
membranes consist of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids and do not
contain sterols
resting cells that exhibit no signs of life; highly resistant to environmental
stresses - ANSWER endospores
endospores are formed mainly by 2 genera of gram ___ bacteria: ______ and
_____ - ANSWER -gram positive
-Bacillus
-Clostridium
first stage of microbial infection: - ANSWER colonization; est. of pathogen at
appropriate portal of entry
Adhesins of E. coli - ANSWER fimbriae
