EDKP 292 Midterm + Final Test
With Complete Solution
dietary reference intakes (DRI) - ANSWER reports containing a list of five values for
measuring the nutrient intakes for healthy people in Canada and USA
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - ANSWER nutrient intake goals for individuals;
the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all healthy people
Adequate Intakes (AI) - ANSWER the recommended average daily nutrient intake level
based on intakes of healthy people in a particular lifestage and gender group, and
assumed to be adequate
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) - ANSWER the highest average daily nutrient intake
level that is likely to pose no risk of toxicity to almost all healthy individuals of a
particular age or gender
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ANSWER average daily nutrient intake
estimated to meet the requirement of half the health individuals in a particular age or
gender group
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution RAnges (AMDR) - ANSWER values for
carbohydrate, fat, and protein expressed as percentages of total daily caloric intake
ranges of intakes set for the energy-yield nutrients that are sufficient to provide
adequate total energy and nutrients
daily values - ANSWER nutrient standards used on food labels in grocery stores
-based on a 2000-calorie diet
45-65% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: carbohydrates
20-35% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: fats
10-35% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: protein
balance study - ANSWER lab study in which a person is fed a controlled diet and the
intake and excretion of a nutrient are measure
requirement - ANSWER the amount of a nutrient that will just prevent the development of
specific deficiency signs; distinguished from the DRI recommended intake value
purpose of daily values - ANSWER used only on food labels to enable consumers to
compare the nutrient values among foods
food group plan - ANSWER diet planning tool that sorts food into groups based on their
nutrient content and then specifies that people should eat certain minimum numbers of
,servings from each group
exchange system - ANSWER diet planning tool that organized foods with respect to their
nutrient contents and calorie amounts
discretionary calorie allowance - ANSWER the balance of calories remaining in a
person's energy allowance after accounting for the number of calories needed to meet
recommended nutrient intakes through consumption of nutrient-dense foods
components of discretionary calorie allowance - ANSWER 1. more nutrient dense foods
2. fats from two sources (natural or added)
3. added sugars
4. alcohol within limits
5. can be omitted if you're wishing to lose weight
labels must contain - ANSWER 1. common name
2. name and address of manufacturer
3. net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count
4. nutrient contents
5. ingredients
6. nutrient amounts and DV
ingredient list order - ANSWER in descending order according to weight
DRI sets recommendations for - ANSWER 1. vitamins
2. minerals
3. macronutrients
4. water
5. fiber
6. total energy
macronutrients - ANSWER carbohydrates
lipids
protein
dose-response - ANSWER type of response of physical activity and health
,50% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at EAR?
0% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at RDA?
0% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at UL
Where is EER - ANSWER It is not a generous value. It is set at the average of the
population's estimated energy requirement.
EER - ANSWER estimated energy requirements
how were DRIs established - ANSWER based on low probability of deficiency and almost
no risk of toxicity
marginal nutrient intake - ANSWER not the same amount for every individual; each
person requires different amounts of nutrients
purpose of RDA and AI - ANSWER intended for planning nutritious diets for individuals
and preventing chronic diseases
purpose of UL - ANSWER safe upper limits for nutrients added to our food and water
step 1 of setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER find out how much of the nutrient
various healthy people need; review studies of deficiency states, nutrient stores, their
depletion and factor influencing them
step 2 of setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER select the most valid data for use
(wide group of people, recent, properly conducted)
step 3 for setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER conduct experiment such as a
balance study; determine requirement to achieve nutrient balance and prevent
development of deficiency
where is RDA set? - ANSWER It is set so that 97-98% of the population will be included,
but not so high as to be excessive
limitations of DRIs - ANSWER only applies to healthy people and are not to be used for
the restoration of health or repletion of nutrients
daily energy requirement - ANSWER value is set at the average of the population's
estimated energy requirement - not generous
-calculated according to age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity
FFQ - ANSWER food frequency questionnaire
FFQ strengths - ANSWER -can be self administered
-machine readable
-relatively inexpensive for large sample sizes
, -considered by some as the choice for research on diet-disease relationship
FFQ limitations - ANSWER -lengthy and may not be representative of usual food or
portion size intake
-intake data can be compromised when multiple foods are grouped within 1 listing
-dependent on ability of subject to describe their own diet
24HR recall strengths - ANSWER -short administration time
-inexpensive and easy to administer
-low respondent burden
-multiple recalls can be used to estimate nutrient intake for individuals
-does not alter usual diet
-useful in clinical settings
24HR Recalls limitations - ANSWER -seldom a representation of a person's usual intake
-underreporting/ overreporting
-omissions of dressings, sauces, and beverages can lead to skewed estimates
-relies on memory
-data entry can be labour intensive
food record strengths - ANSWER -does not rely on memory
-can provide detailed intake data
-multiple day data can be more representative of usual intake
-useful in clinical settings
food record limitations - ANSWER -requires cooperation by client
-response burden: low response rates
-subjects must be literate
-analysis is labour intensive and expensive
factors affecting validity of information - ANSWER -methods of collection
-daily variation
-inaccurate or inappropriate food table nutrient values
With Complete Solution
dietary reference intakes (DRI) - ANSWER reports containing a list of five values for
measuring the nutrient intakes for healthy people in Canada and USA
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) - ANSWER nutrient intake goals for individuals;
the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all healthy people
Adequate Intakes (AI) - ANSWER the recommended average daily nutrient intake level
based on intakes of healthy people in a particular lifestage and gender group, and
assumed to be adequate
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) - ANSWER the highest average daily nutrient intake
level that is likely to pose no risk of toxicity to almost all healthy individuals of a
particular age or gender
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ANSWER average daily nutrient intake
estimated to meet the requirement of half the health individuals in a particular age or
gender group
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution RAnges (AMDR) - ANSWER values for
carbohydrate, fat, and protein expressed as percentages of total daily caloric intake
ranges of intakes set for the energy-yield nutrients that are sufficient to provide
adequate total energy and nutrients
daily values - ANSWER nutrient standards used on food labels in grocery stores
-based on a 2000-calorie diet
45-65% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: carbohydrates
20-35% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: fats
10-35% - ANSWER AMDR percentage of daily caloric intake: protein
balance study - ANSWER lab study in which a person is fed a controlled diet and the
intake and excretion of a nutrient are measure
requirement - ANSWER the amount of a nutrient that will just prevent the development of
specific deficiency signs; distinguished from the DRI recommended intake value
purpose of daily values - ANSWER used only on food labels to enable consumers to
compare the nutrient values among foods
food group plan - ANSWER diet planning tool that sorts food into groups based on their
nutrient content and then specifies that people should eat certain minimum numbers of
,servings from each group
exchange system - ANSWER diet planning tool that organized foods with respect to their
nutrient contents and calorie amounts
discretionary calorie allowance - ANSWER the balance of calories remaining in a
person's energy allowance after accounting for the number of calories needed to meet
recommended nutrient intakes through consumption of nutrient-dense foods
components of discretionary calorie allowance - ANSWER 1. more nutrient dense foods
2. fats from two sources (natural or added)
3. added sugars
4. alcohol within limits
5. can be omitted if you're wishing to lose weight
labels must contain - ANSWER 1. common name
2. name and address of manufacturer
3. net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count
4. nutrient contents
5. ingredients
6. nutrient amounts and DV
ingredient list order - ANSWER in descending order according to weight
DRI sets recommendations for - ANSWER 1. vitamins
2. minerals
3. macronutrients
4. water
5. fiber
6. total energy
macronutrients - ANSWER carbohydrates
lipids
protein
dose-response - ANSWER type of response of physical activity and health
,50% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at EAR?
0% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at RDA?
0% - ANSWER What is your chance of inadequate intake if your intake is at UL
Where is EER - ANSWER It is not a generous value. It is set at the average of the
population's estimated energy requirement.
EER - ANSWER estimated energy requirements
how were DRIs established - ANSWER based on low probability of deficiency and almost
no risk of toxicity
marginal nutrient intake - ANSWER not the same amount for every individual; each
person requires different amounts of nutrients
purpose of RDA and AI - ANSWER intended for planning nutritious diets for individuals
and preventing chronic diseases
purpose of UL - ANSWER safe upper limits for nutrients added to our food and water
step 1 of setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER find out how much of the nutrient
various healthy people need; review studies of deficiency states, nutrient stores, their
depletion and factor influencing them
step 2 of setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER select the most valid data for use
(wide group of people, recent, properly conducted)
step 3 for setting RDA for essential nutrient - ANSWER conduct experiment such as a
balance study; determine requirement to achieve nutrient balance and prevent
development of deficiency
where is RDA set? - ANSWER It is set so that 97-98% of the population will be included,
but not so high as to be excessive
limitations of DRIs - ANSWER only applies to healthy people and are not to be used for
the restoration of health or repletion of nutrients
daily energy requirement - ANSWER value is set at the average of the population's
estimated energy requirement - not generous
-calculated according to age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity
FFQ - ANSWER food frequency questionnaire
FFQ strengths - ANSWER -can be self administered
-machine readable
-relatively inexpensive for large sample sizes
, -considered by some as the choice for research on diet-disease relationship
FFQ limitations - ANSWER -lengthy and may not be representative of usual food or
portion size intake
-intake data can be compromised when multiple foods are grouped within 1 listing
-dependent on ability of subject to describe their own diet
24HR recall strengths - ANSWER -short administration time
-inexpensive and easy to administer
-low respondent burden
-multiple recalls can be used to estimate nutrient intake for individuals
-does not alter usual diet
-useful in clinical settings
24HR Recalls limitations - ANSWER -seldom a representation of a person's usual intake
-underreporting/ overreporting
-omissions of dressings, sauces, and beverages can lead to skewed estimates
-relies on memory
-data entry can be labour intensive
food record strengths - ANSWER -does not rely on memory
-can provide detailed intake data
-multiple day data can be more representative of usual intake
-useful in clinical settings
food record limitations - ANSWER -requires cooperation by client
-response burden: low response rates
-subjects must be literate
-analysis is labour intensive and expensive
factors affecting validity of information - ANSWER -methods of collection
-daily variation
-inaccurate or inappropriate food table nutrient values
