PHILOSOPHY 101 EXAM 1

PHILOSOPHY 101 EXAM 1
PHILOSOPHY 101 EXAM 1



argumentao-aoans--setaoofaopremisesaointendedaotoaosupportaoforaoanotheraostatement

deductivelyaovalidaoargumentao-aoans--
ifaopremisesaowereaotrue,aotheaoconclusionaowouldaohaveaotoaobeaotrue

P1:aoIfaoAaothanaoB
P2:aoAao-aoans--Conclusion:aoB

P1:aoAllaoA'saoareaoB's
P2:aoAllaoC'saoareaoA'sao-aoans--Conclustion:aoAllaoC'saoareaoB's

Whatao2aoconditionsaomakeaoaaodeductivelyaovalidaoargumentaogood?ao-aoans--1)aosound
2)aonon-circular

circularaoargumentao-aoans--
whenaotheaoargument'saoconclusionaoappearsaoasaoaaopremise

soundaoargumentao-aoans--whenaotheaoargument'saopremisesaoareaotrue

Whataoareaotheao2aotypesaoofaonotaodeductivelyaovalidaoarguments?ao-aoans--
InductiveaoandaoAbductive

inductiveaoargumentao-aoans--
involveaomakingaodescriptionaoofaosomeaosampleaoandaoextendingaodescriptionaotoaoitem
saooutsideaotheaosample
ex.ao60%aoofaocountyaovotersaocalledaoareaoDemocrats
60%aoofaocountyaovotersaoareaoDemocrats

abductiveaoargumentao-aoans--inferenceaotoaobestaoexplanation
ex.aoSherlockaoHolmes'

naturalaophilosophyao-aoans--triedaotoaogiveaotheao"naturalistic"/
scientificaoexplanationaoofaotheaorealaoworld

, examplesaoofaonaturalaophilosophersao-aoans--Thales;aoAnaxagoras

sophistsao-aoans--
itinerantaoteachersaoofao'virtue';aoheldaorelativisticaoviews;aothereaoareaonoaoabsolutes

examplesaoofaosophistsao-aoans--Protagoras;aoThrasymachus;aoGorgias

WhataodoaoPlatoaoandaoSocratesaothinkaoofaoGorgiasao-aoans--
horrifiedaobyaoideaaothataotruthaoisaorelativeaotoaotheaoperson;aothinksaotheyaotalkaoprettyao
butaodon'taoknowaowhataothey'reaosaying

elenchusao-aoans--cross-
examiningaosomeoneaoelse;aogetsaointerlocutoraotoaoofferaosomeaopossibleaoansweraotoao
aaoquestion;aoasksaotheaopersonaovariousaoquestions,aoandaogetsaothemaotoaorefuteaothe
mselves

KeyaophilosophicalaoissuesaoinaotheaoMenoao-aoans--"Cantaovirtueaobeaotaught?"ao-
>ao"Whataoisaovirtue?"ao->aoDealsaowithaoquestaoaboutaoknowledge

Meno'saodifferentaodefinitionsaoofaovirtueao-aoans--
1.aovirtueaoofaoaaomanaoisaodifferentaothanaoaaovirtueaoofaoaaowomanaoandaoaaovirtueaoofao
aaochild
2.aotoaobeaoableaotoaoruleaooveraopeople
3.aojusticeaoisaovirtue
4.aotoaodesireaogoodaothingsaoandaohavingaocapacityaotoaosecureaothem

Problemaowithaovirtueaoofaoman/woman/childao-aoans--
definitionaoofaovirtueaoshouldaocaptureaosomeaoformaothataoallaocasesaoshare

Problemaowithaovirtueaoisaotoaoruleaooveraopeopleao-aoans--
tyrannical;aotooaobroadaoandaoinclusive;aodoesaonotaocoveraovirtuousaoslaves

Problemaowithaojusticeaoisaovirtueao-aoans--
circularaodefinition;aoonlyaopartaoofaotermaoyou'reaodefining;aonotaosureaowhataojusticeaoisa
oexactly


Problemaowithaovirtueaotoaodesireaogoodaothingsaoandaohavingaocapacityaotoaosecureaothe
mao-aoans--
definitionaoisaonotaoinformativeao(whataoareaogoodaothings?);aoeverybodyaodesiresaogooda
othings


Requirementsaoforaoaaogoodaodefinitionaoofao'x'ao-aoans--
1)aoapplyaotoaoallaoandaoonlyaoinstancesaoofao'x'
2)aocaptureaotheao'form'aoofaox,aotheaopropertyaooraofeatureaothataoallaoinstancesaoofaocaoh
aveaoinaocommon
3)aonotaouseaotheaoworkao'x'aooraowordsaoforao"parts"aoofao'x'ao(circular)