NUTR 3330 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What was the goal of traditional nutrient intake recommendations? - ANSWER Prevent
nutrient deficiencies
What are the two key sub-committees of DRIs? - ANSWER 1. Upper reference levels of
nutrients
2. Interpretation and uses of DRIs
What is the structure of the DRI organizations involved? - ANSWER 1. Standing
committee on the Scientific Evaluation of DRIs + two sub committees
2. Expert nutrient review panels
3. Organizations involved (FNB of the IOM, Health Canada)
What are the 4 DRIs? - ANSWER EAR, RDA, AI, UL
What are the DRIs used for? - ANSWER 1. Planning
2. Assessing
- consider more than preventing deficiencies
What is EAR (estimated average requirement)? - ANSWER Daily nutrient intake value
that is estimated to meet the requirement of HALF of healthy individuals
- used for planning with groups
- used for assuming in individuals and groups
What is RDA (recommended dietary allowance)? - ANSWER Average daily dietary intake
level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97.5%) of healthy
individuals
,- used for planning for individuals
What is AL (adequate intake)? - ANSWER Recommended daily intake value based on
observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake (when EAR
and RDA cannot be determined)
- used for planning for individuals (RDA doesn't exist) and group (EAR doesn't exist)
- used for assessment for individuals and groups (EAR doesn't exist)
What is UL (tolerable upper intake level)? - ANSWER The highest level of daily nutrient
intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in
the general population. As intake increases about the UL, the risk of adverse effects
increases.
- NOT recommended level of intake
- can be used for planning and assessment
What are some of the issues with DRIs? - ANSWER 1. Estimates apply to healthy people
2. Estimates reflect usual daily intakes (need to account for variability)
3. Each DRI reference number serves a unique purpose
4. All used in planning and assessments of groups or individuals
5. Subject to review as evidence evolves
What are phytochemicals? - ANSWER - chemicals found in plants
- generally non-nutritive substances
- proposed to contribute towards disease-prevention
- flavonoids, phytoestrogens, phytosterols, glucosinolates
What are plant polyphenols? - ANSWER - naturally occurring compounds found in plants
- contribute to pigmentation, growth, reproduction and provide resistance to pathogens
and predators
, What are the 4 classes of plant polyphenols? - ANSWER 1. Phenolic acids
2. Flavonoids
3. Stilbenes
4. Lignans
What influences the amount of polyphenols in plants? - ANSWER - light, genetic factors,
environmental conditions, degree of ripeness, variety, processing, storage
Why were polyphenols traditionally considered "anti-nutrients"? - ANSWER they can
interfere with bioavailability.
- macronutrients: bind to protein to reduce absorption
- micronutrients: form complexes with minerals and may decrease absorption
What are flavonoids? - ANSWER - most common group of polyphenols
- enhance the function of vitamin C, improving absorption and protecting it from
oxidation
- ubiquitous; present in most plants
- structural variation: C ring determines the major class of flavonoid
What are the 6 major subclasses of flavonoids? - ANSWER 1. Flavones
2. Flavonols
3. Flavonones
4. Flavanols (most abundant)
5. Anthocyanins
6. Isoflacones
- based on variations in the c-ring
What was the goal of traditional nutrient intake recommendations? - ANSWER Prevent
nutrient deficiencies
What are the two key sub-committees of DRIs? - ANSWER 1. Upper reference levels of
nutrients
2. Interpretation and uses of DRIs
What is the structure of the DRI organizations involved? - ANSWER 1. Standing
committee on the Scientific Evaluation of DRIs + two sub committees
2. Expert nutrient review panels
3. Organizations involved (FNB of the IOM, Health Canada)
What are the 4 DRIs? - ANSWER EAR, RDA, AI, UL
What are the DRIs used for? - ANSWER 1. Planning
2. Assessing
- consider more than preventing deficiencies
What is EAR (estimated average requirement)? - ANSWER Daily nutrient intake value
that is estimated to meet the requirement of HALF of healthy individuals
- used for planning with groups
- used for assuming in individuals and groups
What is RDA (recommended dietary allowance)? - ANSWER Average daily dietary intake
level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97.5%) of healthy
individuals
,- used for planning for individuals
What is AL (adequate intake)? - ANSWER Recommended daily intake value based on
observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake (when EAR
and RDA cannot be determined)
- used for planning for individuals (RDA doesn't exist) and group (EAR doesn't exist)
- used for assessment for individuals and groups (EAR doesn't exist)
What is UL (tolerable upper intake level)? - ANSWER The highest level of daily nutrient
intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in
the general population. As intake increases about the UL, the risk of adverse effects
increases.
- NOT recommended level of intake
- can be used for planning and assessment
What are some of the issues with DRIs? - ANSWER 1. Estimates apply to healthy people
2. Estimates reflect usual daily intakes (need to account for variability)
3. Each DRI reference number serves a unique purpose
4. All used in planning and assessments of groups or individuals
5. Subject to review as evidence evolves
What are phytochemicals? - ANSWER - chemicals found in plants
- generally non-nutritive substances
- proposed to contribute towards disease-prevention
- flavonoids, phytoestrogens, phytosterols, glucosinolates
What are plant polyphenols? - ANSWER - naturally occurring compounds found in plants
- contribute to pigmentation, growth, reproduction and provide resistance to pathogens
and predators
, What are the 4 classes of plant polyphenols? - ANSWER 1. Phenolic acids
2. Flavonoids
3. Stilbenes
4. Lignans
What influences the amount of polyphenols in plants? - ANSWER - light, genetic factors,
environmental conditions, degree of ripeness, variety, processing, storage
Why were polyphenols traditionally considered "anti-nutrients"? - ANSWER they can
interfere with bioavailability.
- macronutrients: bind to protein to reduce absorption
- micronutrients: form complexes with minerals and may decrease absorption
What are flavonoids? - ANSWER - most common group of polyphenols
- enhance the function of vitamin C, improving absorption and protecting it from
oxidation
- ubiquitous; present in most plants
- structural variation: C ring determines the major class of flavonoid
What are the 6 major subclasses of flavonoids? - ANSWER 1. Flavones
2. Flavonols
3. Flavonones
4. Flavanols (most abundant)
5. Anthocyanins
6. Isoflacones
- based on variations in the c-ring
