The Coagulation Cascade Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+)

The Coagulation Cascade Exam Questions and Correct Answers Latest Update 2024 (Graded A+) Elements in Hemostasis - Answers 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Formation of stable platelet plug 3. Blood coagulation What activates platelets? - Answers collagen Steps of Blood Coagulation (outline) - Answers 1. Interaction of blood clotting factors 2. Formation of stable fibrin mesh 3. Entrapment of blood cells 4. Production of red, jelly-like coagulum Current blood coagualtion theories: Common elements - Answers 1. Extrinsic and intrinsic clotting pathways. e coagulation factors 3. four discrete stages in coagulation of blood 4. enzymes in blood coagulation Enzymes - Answers -produced and secreted in an inactive form -proteolytic in nature-accelerators of biochemical rections -reaction specific Serin protease - Answers cleave peptide bonds Transamidase - Answers forms covalent bonds Coagulation factors - Answers -most are formed in the liver in precuror forms by vitamin-K dependent process What does the vitamin-K process do? - Answers -attaches calcium-binding prosthetic groups ont he amino terminal regions of these factors -introduction of an extra COOH group on the side chain of several glutamic acid residues -Called gamma-carboxyglutamic acid Absence of Vitamin K - Answers -Factors 2,7,9,10 are synthesized by are incomplete, lacking the special calcium-binding gamma-carboxyglutamic acids and appear as nonfunctional factors -known as PIVKA (protein induced by vitamin K absence/antagonism) What factors are synthesized by the liver? - Answers 1,2,5,7,9,10,11,12,12 What factors are not in the liver? - Answers 3,4,8 What are the four major stages in blood clotting? - Answers 1. Generation of Prothrombin Activator 2. Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin 3. Conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin 4. Stabilization of Fibrin Stage I - Answers Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge at the final point in stage I where factor X reacts with V to produce prothrombinase Stage II - Answers Conversion of prothrombin (II) to thrombin by prothrombinase Stage III - Answers Consists of the catalytic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin (enzyme) Stage IV - Answers Factor XIII acts to stabilize the unstable fibrin I - Answers FIBRINOGEN II - Answers PROTHROMBIN III - Answers TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN IV - Answers CALCIUM IONS V - Answers LABILE FACTOR, Ac-globulin VII - Answers STABLE FACTOR VIII - Answers ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR (AHG) IX - Answers CHRISTMAS FACTOR (PTC) X - Answers STUART-PROWER FACTOR XI - Answers PTA XII - Answers HAGEMAN FACTOR XIII - Answers FIBRIN STABILIZING FACTOR How many procoagulants are there? - Answers at least 16 Where are glycoproteins mainly synthesized? - Answers In the liver. Some are made by monocytes, endothelial cells, and megakaryocytes What are zymogens and how many are there? - Answers 8 are enzymes that circulate in an inactive form (procoagulants) How many procoagulants are cofactors? - Answers There are 6 cofactors that bind and stabilize their respective enzymes How many plasma glycoproteins are there and what do they do? - Answers There are 6 plasma glycoproteins that serve as anticoagulants. What are the 8 zymogens? - Answers 7,9,10,11,12,13, Pre-Kallikrein, and Prothrombin (inactive till clotting needed) What is a serine protease? - Answers -Proteolytic enzymes of the trypsin family. -Has a reactive seryl amino acid residue in its active -site. - Acts on substrate by hydrolyzing peptide bonds. What's considered a serine protease? - Answers IIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIa, Kallikrein 2a, 7a, 9a, 10a, 11a, 12a, Kallikrein What are the 6 cofactors? - Answers 5, 8, HMWK, Protein S, Tissue factor "Juice", Thrombomodulin What do cofactors do? - Answers -Tissue factors (non-circulating constitutive proteins of the subendothelium) -Each binds a particular serine protease -when serine proteases are bound they become stabile and have increased reactivity Describe factor XIII - Answers -XIIIa is a transglutimase -transfers amino acids among the gamma chains of fibrin polymers Other plasma procoagulants: - Answers Factor XIII Fibrinogen Calcium vWF (von WIllibrands factor)