MCB3020: Exam 1 Study Guide ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Define microbiology - CORRECT ANSWER - The branch of biology that studies
microbes
How does microbiology differ from other fields of biology? - CORRECT ANSWER - It
can be distinguished from other field based on:
- The size of the organisms studied
- The techniques used to study them
These are living organisms made up of cells. They include fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea -
CORRECT ANSWER - Cellular organisms
These are non-living organisms that are not made of cells. They include viruses, viroids,
satellites, and prions - CORRECT ANSWER - Acellular organisms
Bacterial virus - CORRECT ANSWER - Bacteriophage
What is a virus composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Protein and nucleic acids. They
require host enzymes and have a nucleocapsid. They can either be DNA or RNA & ss or ds
What does a viroid compose of? - CORRECT ANSWER - ssRNA
What is a satellite composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nucleic acids. They require
helper virus
What is a prion composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Proteins. Often neurodegenerative
and apoptosis
,What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes ? How do they differ? - CORRECT ANSWER --
Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that have DNA in a membrane-bound organelle, called a
nucleus, and have other true membrane-bound organelles
- Prokaryotes are organisms made up of a single cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a
nucleus
What does all three domains of life have in common? - CORRECT ANSWER --
Ribosomes
- genetic material
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytoplasm
- Membrane
This domain is eukaryotic; Have cells and organized structures called organelles; have multiple
linear chromosomes; more complex morphology. This is the only domain to have membrane
bound organelles - CORRECT ANSWER - Domain Eukarya
What does the domain archaea have in common with domain bacteria? (Other than the main
characteristics that are shared between all 3 domains) - CORRECT ANSWER - - They are
both prokaryotic
- Single-celled
- No nucleus
- No organelles
This domain is prokaryotic, single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles. They have a
single and circular chromosome. They are found in extreme conditions. These organisms have an
S-layer and no peptidoglycan in their cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER - Domain Archaea
_________ _________ identified the domain archaea by using rRNA - CORRECT
ANSWER - Carl Woese
,What are the main differences between domain archaea and domain bacteria? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - Domain archaea is found in extreme conditions
- Domain bacteria have peptidoglycan on their cell walls while domain archaea doesn't
What scientist identified that the phylogenetic tree is composed of these three domains of life?
How did this scientist discover this? - CORRECT ANSWER - Carl Woese identified the
domain Archaea from bacteria by using ribosomal RNA sequencing data
True or false: The genes in the domain archaea are more similar to Eukarya than the genes in
bacteria. - CORRECT ANSWER - True (Domain archaea is still prokaryotic)
What does LUCA stand for and what branch is it found on? - CORRECT ANSWER - Last
Universal Common Ancestor: Common ancestor of all three domains of life. States domains
Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry and Bacteria evolved independently.
LUCA is found on the bacteria branch
How far back do the earliest fossils of microbial life date back to? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 3.5 billion years ago
What is the central dogma? - CORRECT ANSWER - States that deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) contains genetic information that is transcribed into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
then translated to make proteins
DNA --> (Transcription) --> mRNA ---> (Translation) --> Protein
What is the RNA world hypothesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - States the earliest self-
replicating entity used RNA both to store genetic information and to conduct cellular processes
Know the historical timeline presented in lecture, especially individuals focused on by Dr.
Bacusmo - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) Francesco Stelluti - First to observe organisms
(bees and weevils) under a microscope
2) Robert Hooke - First to publish drawings of microorganisms in book micrographic in 1665
3) Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - First person to observe microorganisms accurately
, 4) Aristotle - Proposed idea of Spontaneous generation (living organisms come from non-living)
5) Louis Pasteur - Disproved Spontaneous generation with his "swan-neck flask experiment" and
came up with Germ Theory of disease (germs cause disease); Also came up with the idea of
pasteurization (prevents food spoilage)
6) Joseph Lister - Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic
techniques and surgery systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds
7) Robert Koch - Known for work with etiology of anthrax and established a list of criteria called
Koch's Postulates (Observe disease -> isolate disease -> infect with disease -> isolate disease
First to observe organisms (bees and weevils) under a microscope - CORRECT
ANSWER - Francesco Stelluti
First to publish drawings of microorganisms in book micrographic in 1665 - CORRECT
ANSWER - Robert Hooke
First person to observe microorganisms accurately - CORRECT ANSWER - Antony van
Leeuwenhoek
Proposed idea of Spontaneous generation - CORRECT ANSWER - Aristotle
Disproved Spontaneous generation with his "swanneck flask experiment" and came up with
Germ Theory of disease; also came up with idea of pasteurization - CORRECT
ANSWER - Louis Pasteur
Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic techniques and surgery
systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Joseph Lister
Known for work with etiology of anthrax and established a list of criteria called Koch's
Postulates:
- Observe disease
- Isolate disease
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Define microbiology - CORRECT ANSWER - The branch of biology that studies
microbes
How does microbiology differ from other fields of biology? - CORRECT ANSWER - It
can be distinguished from other field based on:
- The size of the organisms studied
- The techniques used to study them
These are living organisms made up of cells. They include fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea -
CORRECT ANSWER - Cellular organisms
These are non-living organisms that are not made of cells. They include viruses, viroids,
satellites, and prions - CORRECT ANSWER - Acellular organisms
Bacterial virus - CORRECT ANSWER - Bacteriophage
What is a virus composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Protein and nucleic acids. They
require host enzymes and have a nucleocapsid. They can either be DNA or RNA & ss or ds
What does a viroid compose of? - CORRECT ANSWER - ssRNA
What is a satellite composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Nucleic acids. They require
helper virus
What is a prion composed of? - CORRECT ANSWER - Proteins. Often neurodegenerative
and apoptosis
,What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes ? How do they differ? - CORRECT ANSWER --
Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that have DNA in a membrane-bound organelle, called a
nucleus, and have other true membrane-bound organelles
- Prokaryotes are organisms made up of a single cell lacking membrane-bound organelles and a
nucleus
What does all three domains of life have in common? - CORRECT ANSWER --
Ribosomes
- genetic material
- Cytoskeleton
- Cytoplasm
- Membrane
This domain is eukaryotic; Have cells and organized structures called organelles; have multiple
linear chromosomes; more complex morphology. This is the only domain to have membrane
bound organelles - CORRECT ANSWER - Domain Eukarya
What does the domain archaea have in common with domain bacteria? (Other than the main
characteristics that are shared between all 3 domains) - CORRECT ANSWER - - They are
both prokaryotic
- Single-celled
- No nucleus
- No organelles
This domain is prokaryotic, single-celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles. They have a
single and circular chromosome. They are found in extreme conditions. These organisms have an
S-layer and no peptidoglycan in their cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER - Domain Archaea
_________ _________ identified the domain archaea by using rRNA - CORRECT
ANSWER - Carl Woese
,What are the main differences between domain archaea and domain bacteria? - CORRECT
ANSWER - - Domain archaea is found in extreme conditions
- Domain bacteria have peptidoglycan on their cell walls while domain archaea doesn't
What scientist identified that the phylogenetic tree is composed of these three domains of life?
How did this scientist discover this? - CORRECT ANSWER - Carl Woese identified the
domain Archaea from bacteria by using ribosomal RNA sequencing data
True or false: The genes in the domain archaea are more similar to Eukarya than the genes in
bacteria. - CORRECT ANSWER - True (Domain archaea is still prokaryotic)
What does LUCA stand for and what branch is it found on? - CORRECT ANSWER - Last
Universal Common Ancestor: Common ancestor of all three domains of life. States domains
Archaea and Eukarya diverged from common ancestry and Bacteria evolved independently.
LUCA is found on the bacteria branch
How far back do the earliest fossils of microbial life date back to? - CORRECT
ANSWER - 3.5 billion years ago
What is the central dogma? - CORRECT ANSWER - States that deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) contains genetic information that is transcribed into messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
then translated to make proteins
DNA --> (Transcription) --> mRNA ---> (Translation) --> Protein
What is the RNA world hypothesis? - CORRECT ANSWER - States the earliest self-
replicating entity used RNA both to store genetic information and to conduct cellular processes
Know the historical timeline presented in lecture, especially individuals focused on by Dr.
Bacusmo - CORRECT ANSWER - 1) Francesco Stelluti - First to observe organisms
(bees and weevils) under a microscope
2) Robert Hooke - First to publish drawings of microorganisms in book micrographic in 1665
3) Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - First person to observe microorganisms accurately
, 4) Aristotle - Proposed idea of Spontaneous generation (living organisms come from non-living)
5) Louis Pasteur - Disproved Spontaneous generation with his "swan-neck flask experiment" and
came up with Germ Theory of disease (germs cause disease); Also came up with the idea of
pasteurization (prevents food spoilage)
6) Joseph Lister - Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic
techniques and surgery systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds
7) Robert Koch - Known for work with etiology of anthrax and established a list of criteria called
Koch's Postulates (Observe disease -> isolate disease -> infect with disease -> isolate disease
First to observe organisms (bees and weevils) under a microscope - CORRECT
ANSWER - Francesco Stelluti
First to publish drawings of microorganisms in book micrographic in 1665 - CORRECT
ANSWER - Robert Hooke
First person to observe microorganisms accurately - CORRECT ANSWER - Antony van
Leeuwenhoek
Proposed idea of Spontaneous generation - CORRECT ANSWER - Aristotle
Disproved Spontaneous generation with his "swanneck flask experiment" and came up with
Germ Theory of disease; also came up with idea of pasteurization - CORRECT
ANSWER - Louis Pasteur
Known as "father of modern surgery" because he developed antiseptic techniques and surgery
systems to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Joseph Lister
Known for work with etiology of anthrax and established a list of criteria called Koch's
Postulates:
- Observe disease
- Isolate disease
