CCJ4614 Exam 4 Guide With
Complete Solution
Sutherland's conception of white collar crime - ANSWER Crime committed by
a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their
occupation; excludes murder, intoxication, and other related types of crimes
Who can commit a white-collar crime - ANSWER A person of respectability
and high social status
Why was Sutherland's conceptualization of white-collar crime controversial
at the time - ANSWER Crime was seen as a phenomenon of the lower class in
1939
Edelhertz's typology of white-collar crime - ANSWER - Personal crimes
- Abuse of trust
- Business crimes
- Con games
Personal crimes - ANSWER Crimes committed by persons operating on an
individual, ad hoc basis, for personal gain in a business context
Abuse of trust - ANSWER Crimes committed by those operating inside
businesses, government, other establishments, or in a professional capacity,
in violation of their duty of loyalty and fidelity to employer or client
Business crimes - ANSWER Crimes incidental to or in furtherance of business
operations, but not central to business operations
,Con games - ANSWER White-collar Crime as a business, or as the central
activity of the business
Corporate crime - ANSWER Offenses committed primarily to enhance the
financial and competitive interests of the corporation
Examples of corporate crime - ANSWER False advertising, consumer fraud,
antitrust violations, price fixing, environmental crimes
Occupational crime - ANSWER A violation of trust by an employee, usually
for personal gain
Examples of occupational crime - ANSWER Employee theft, embezzlement,
insider trading, fraud
Difference between corporate crime and occupational crime - ANSWER
Occupational crime is done in the interest of the individual, corporate crime
is done in the interest of the corporation as a whole
Organized crime - ANSWER A continuous criminal enterprise that works
rationally to profit from illicit activities that are often in public demand. Their
continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, and/or
corruption of public officials. Members generally must be accomplished
criminals before entering the group
Common features of organized crime - ANSWER - Formalized structure
- Continuity
- Criminality
La Cosa Nostra - ANSWER AKA the Mafia, one form of organized crime but
does not represent all organized crime
, Structure of La Cosa Nostra - ANSWER Corporate model; structured within a
hierarchy reflecting levels of power and specialization. The ruling body is 24
families known as the Commission which functions as a board of directors
Corporate model - ANSWER Day to day activities of the organization are
planned and coordinated at the top and carried out by subordinates
Why is it called the corporate model - ANSWER Organization members are
not employees in the sense that they earn a regular income, but membership
in the family entitles members to run their own rackets using family
connections and status
How is membership within La Cosa Nostra established - ANSWER Prospective
members must be sponsored by made men who are responsible for their
behavior during their probationary period. Applicants are carefully screened
for their criminal activity and loyalty before being allowed to apply, and
lifetime commitment to the family is required
Social learning - ANSWER Burgess and Akers: emphasizes the role of positive
and negative reinforcement in criminal behavior. Interpersonal mechanisms
of learning include imitation, vicarious reinforcement, and direct
reinforcement
Social learning and white-collar/organized crime - ANSWER Motivations,
rationalizations, and techniques for engaging in white-collar and organized
crime are learned through interaction with offenders
Complete Solution
Sutherland's conception of white collar crime - ANSWER Crime committed by
a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their
occupation; excludes murder, intoxication, and other related types of crimes
Who can commit a white-collar crime - ANSWER A person of respectability
and high social status
Why was Sutherland's conceptualization of white-collar crime controversial
at the time - ANSWER Crime was seen as a phenomenon of the lower class in
1939
Edelhertz's typology of white-collar crime - ANSWER - Personal crimes
- Abuse of trust
- Business crimes
- Con games
Personal crimes - ANSWER Crimes committed by persons operating on an
individual, ad hoc basis, for personal gain in a business context
Abuse of trust - ANSWER Crimes committed by those operating inside
businesses, government, other establishments, or in a professional capacity,
in violation of their duty of loyalty and fidelity to employer or client
Business crimes - ANSWER Crimes incidental to or in furtherance of business
operations, but not central to business operations
,Con games - ANSWER White-collar Crime as a business, or as the central
activity of the business
Corporate crime - ANSWER Offenses committed primarily to enhance the
financial and competitive interests of the corporation
Examples of corporate crime - ANSWER False advertising, consumer fraud,
antitrust violations, price fixing, environmental crimes
Occupational crime - ANSWER A violation of trust by an employee, usually
for personal gain
Examples of occupational crime - ANSWER Employee theft, embezzlement,
insider trading, fraud
Difference between corporate crime and occupational crime - ANSWER
Occupational crime is done in the interest of the individual, corporate crime
is done in the interest of the corporation as a whole
Organized crime - ANSWER A continuous criminal enterprise that works
rationally to profit from illicit activities that are often in public demand. Their
continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, and/or
corruption of public officials. Members generally must be accomplished
criminals before entering the group
Common features of organized crime - ANSWER - Formalized structure
- Continuity
- Criminality
La Cosa Nostra - ANSWER AKA the Mafia, one form of organized crime but
does not represent all organized crime
, Structure of La Cosa Nostra - ANSWER Corporate model; structured within a
hierarchy reflecting levels of power and specialization. The ruling body is 24
families known as the Commission which functions as a board of directors
Corporate model - ANSWER Day to day activities of the organization are
planned and coordinated at the top and carried out by subordinates
Why is it called the corporate model - ANSWER Organization members are
not employees in the sense that they earn a regular income, but membership
in the family entitles members to run their own rackets using family
connections and status
How is membership within La Cosa Nostra established - ANSWER Prospective
members must be sponsored by made men who are responsible for their
behavior during their probationary period. Applicants are carefully screened
for their criminal activity and loyalty before being allowed to apply, and
lifetime commitment to the family is required
Social learning - ANSWER Burgess and Akers: emphasizes the role of positive
and negative reinforcement in criminal behavior. Interpersonal mechanisms
of learning include imitation, vicarious reinforcement, and direct
reinforcement
Social learning and white-collar/organized crime - ANSWER Motivations,
rationalizations, and techniques for engaging in white-collar and organized
crime are learned through interaction with offenders
