BIOS 242 Midterm New Exam With Complete
Solutions 100% Verified
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - ANSWER mid 19th century, pasteur's
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with
or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas
yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
biotechnology - ANSWER microbes are deliberately manipulated to manufacture
products.
pasteurization - ANSWER the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of
spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - ANSWER showed process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
enzymes - ANSWER cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
dichotomous keys ANSWER stepwise series of choices between paired characteristics
where only one of two "either/or" choices applies to any particular organism. Key
directs user to another pair of statements, or provides name of organism
metabolic processes ANSWER Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take
place within a microbe
Ultimate function is to reproduce the organism
-Every cell acquires nutrients
,-Metabolism requires energy from light or from catabolism of nutrients
-Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
-Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
-Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
-Enzymes plus ATP form macromolecules
-Cells grow by assembling macromolecules
-Cells reproduce once they have doubled in size
Catabolic pathways - ANSWER Break larger molecules into smaller products
Exergonic (release energy)
Anabolic pathways - ANSWER Synthesize large molecules from the smaller products of
catabolism
Endergonic (require more energy than they release)
oxidation reduction reaction - ANSWER Movement of electrons from an electron donor
to an electron acceptor
Reactions always occur simultaneously bc when its donated by one its accepted by
another.
donator=oxidized
acceptant=reduced
Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons (often in H atoms)
3 important electron carriers:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → FADH2
ATP production and energy storage - ANSWER Organisms release energy from
nutrients
,Can be concentrated and stored in high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP)
Phosphorylation - organic phosphate is added to substrate
Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in three ways
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Anabolic pathways use some energy of ATP by breaking a phosphate bond
3 ways cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP - ANSWER Substrate-level
phosphorylation=transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated organic nutrient to ADP
to form ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation=phosphorylates ADP using inorganic phosphate and energy
from respiration
Photophosphorylation=phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate with energy
from light.
enzymes - ANSWER catalysts increase the reaction rates of chemical reactions but are
not permanently changed in the process. enzymes= organic catalysts named for their
substrates or the chemicals they cause to react. substrates fit onto the specifically
shaped active sites on enzymes.
6 categories of enzymes based on mode of action
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases or polymerases
Lyases
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
composition of enzymes - ANSWER Many protein enzymes are complete in themselves
, Apoenzymes= protein portion. inactive if not bound to non-protein cofactors (can be
inorganic ions or coenzymes)
organic cofactors=coenzymes
apoenzyme+its cofactor=haloenzyme
ribozymes- rna molecules functioning as enzymes
factors that affect rate of enzymatic reactions - ANSWER Temperature
pH
Enzyme and substrate concentrations
Presence of inhibitors
inhibitors - ANSWER Substances that block an enzyme's active site but do not denature
enzymes
activation energy - ANSWER amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
enzymes work by decreasing activation energy required.
carbohydrate catabolism - ANSWER most organisms oxidize carbs as main energy
source for anabolic reactions, most common glucose.
Glucose catabolized by two processes:
-Cellular respiration
-Fermentation
Glycolysis - ANSWER Takes place in cytoplasm of most cells
There is splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules
Substrate-level phosphorylation-direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates
Overall yield of two ATP molecules, two molecules of NADH, and metabolic precursor
pyruvic acid
10 steps with 3 phases:
Energy-investment phase
Solutions 100% Verified
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - ANSWER mid 19th century, pasteur's
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with
or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas
yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
biotechnology - ANSWER microbes are deliberately manipulated to manufacture
products.
pasteurization - ANSWER the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of
spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - ANSWER showed process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
enzymes - ANSWER cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
dichotomous keys ANSWER stepwise series of choices between paired characteristics
where only one of two "either/or" choices applies to any particular organism. Key
directs user to another pair of statements, or provides name of organism
metabolic processes ANSWER Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take
place within a microbe
Ultimate function is to reproduce the organism
-Every cell acquires nutrients
,-Metabolism requires energy from light or from catabolism of nutrients
-Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
-Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
-Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
-Enzymes plus ATP form macromolecules
-Cells grow by assembling macromolecules
-Cells reproduce once they have doubled in size
Catabolic pathways - ANSWER Break larger molecules into smaller products
Exergonic (release energy)
Anabolic pathways - ANSWER Synthesize large molecules from the smaller products of
catabolism
Endergonic (require more energy than they release)
oxidation reduction reaction - ANSWER Movement of electrons from an electron donor
to an electron acceptor
Reactions always occur simultaneously bc when its donated by one its accepted by
another.
donator=oxidized
acceptant=reduced
Cells use electron carriers to carry electrons (often in H atoms)
3 important electron carriers:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → FADH2
ATP production and energy storage - ANSWER Organisms release energy from
nutrients
,Can be concentrated and stored in high-energy phosphate bonds (ATP)
Phosphorylation - organic phosphate is added to substrate
Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in three ways
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Anabolic pathways use some energy of ATP by breaking a phosphate bond
3 ways cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP - ANSWER Substrate-level
phosphorylation=transfer of phosphate from a phosphorylated organic nutrient to ADP
to form ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation=phosphorylates ADP using inorganic phosphate and energy
from respiration
Photophosphorylation=phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate with energy
from light.
enzymes - ANSWER catalysts increase the reaction rates of chemical reactions but are
not permanently changed in the process. enzymes= organic catalysts named for their
substrates or the chemicals they cause to react. substrates fit onto the specifically
shaped active sites on enzymes.
6 categories of enzymes based on mode of action
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases or polymerases
Lyases
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
composition of enzymes - ANSWER Many protein enzymes are complete in themselves
, Apoenzymes= protein portion. inactive if not bound to non-protein cofactors (can be
inorganic ions or coenzymes)
organic cofactors=coenzymes
apoenzyme+its cofactor=haloenzyme
ribozymes- rna molecules functioning as enzymes
factors that affect rate of enzymatic reactions - ANSWER Temperature
pH
Enzyme and substrate concentrations
Presence of inhibitors
inhibitors - ANSWER Substances that block an enzyme's active site but do not denature
enzymes
activation energy - ANSWER amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
enzymes work by decreasing activation energy required.
carbohydrate catabolism - ANSWER most organisms oxidize carbs as main energy
source for anabolic reactions, most common glucose.
Glucose catabolized by two processes:
-Cellular respiration
-Fermentation
Glycolysis - ANSWER Takes place in cytoplasm of most cells
There is splitting of a six-carbon glucose into two three-carbon sugar molecules
Substrate-level phosphorylation-direct transfer of phosphate between two substrates
Overall yield of two ATP molecules, two molecules of NADH, and metabolic precursor
pyruvic acid
10 steps with 3 phases:
Energy-investment phase
