Intro to Sociology (2025) Exam 1 With Detailed & Verified | Questions and Answers| Graded A+| 100% Solved

Reliability ️️the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results independent variable ️️The variable that you change dependent variable ️️the variable that is measured in an experiment theory ️️a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations paradigm️️(n.) an example that is a perfect pattern or model (Because the new SUV was so popular, it became the paradigm upon which all others were modeled.) [types - macro & micro] macro level orientation ️️a broad focus on sociology structures that shape society as a whole; looks at big picture (like observing a city from helicopter) [types - Structural-Functional Paradigm and Social-Conflict paradigm] Structural-functional paradigm ️️Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton - Relationship between the parts of society How aspects of society are functional (adaptive)[So SF sees society as an organism that is able to adapt to change and has developed this complex system of structures to function in a changing world] Social-Conflict paradigm ️️Identified by Karl Marx, social behavior can best be seen as the process of conflict: the attempt to dominate others and avoid being dominated. Often focuses on class, gender, and ethnic struggles. (Erik o Wright)micro level orientation ️️a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations (Exploring urban life on the street level, where one might watch children invent games on a school how pedestrians observe a homeless man on the street.)[symbolic- interaction approach] symbolic interaction️️(Erving Goffman) a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another Culture ️️the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Global culture ️️refers to behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe cultural lag ️️the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system cultural capital ️️the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society deduction ️️deriving a conclusion by reasoning beliefs ️️specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true popular ️️regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public institutions ️️sets of ideas that people have about relationships, obligations, roles, and functions