BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Four biological molecules - Answers - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Elements in carbohydrates - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
Elements in lipids - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
Elements in proteins - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous - Answers - elements in nucleic acids
Functional groups in carbohydrates - Answers - hydroxyl and carbonyl
Functional groups in lipids - Answers - CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
Functional groups in proteins - Answers - NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
Functional groups in nucleic acids - Answers - NH2 (nitrogenous base)
OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates - Answers - monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Subgroups of lipids - Answers - fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
Subgroups of proteins - Answers - -soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
Nucleic acids subgroups - Answers - DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides - Answers - 3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings? - Answers - Longer than 5 carbon and in water
, Condensation synthesis - Answers - forming a covalent bond between monomers by
removing an H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by? - Answers - Alpha 1, 4 linkages
How does a phospholipids structure relate to its function - Answers - Polar phosphate
group is hydrophilic and faces the water. Nonpolar tails of fatty acid chains face the
inside of the membrane. The nonpolar interior acts as a barrier against polar solutes.
How does carotenoids structure relate to its function - Answers - Functions to harvest
light at a particular wavelength. Double-bonded carbons also can accept protons or
electrons: helps as an antioxidant
How does cholestorol structure relate to function - Answers - Polar side is outside of
membrane and the rest (hydrocarbons) remain inside the membrane and affect the
fluidity of membranes. Highly nonpolar and can easily penetrate membranes.
Also serves as a precursor to steroid hormones.
Polar amino acid side groups - Answers - COO-
NH3+
OH
SH
Nonpolar side groups - Answers - CH3, CH2, rings
Polar - Answers - hydrophilic, soluble
Nonpolar - Answers - hydrophobic, insoluble
Charged polar side groups - Answers - COO-
NH3+
Uncharged side groups - Answers - OH
SH
Bonds that hold amino acids together - Answers - peptide bonds
Primary structure - Answers - amino acid sequence
Secondary structure - Answers - H-bonding between -C=O and NH groups of the
backbone. Forms alpha spiral and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure - Answers - all types of bonding and interactions between the side
chains: covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, van der waals
Four biological molecules - Answers - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Elements in carbohydrates - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CH2O
Elements in lipids - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous
Elements in proteins - Answers - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous - Answers - elements in nucleic acids
Functional groups in carbohydrates - Answers - hydroxyl and carbonyl
Functional groups in lipids - Answers - CH3/-CH2
OH (glycerol)
PO4 2- phospholipid
Functional groups in proteins - Answers - NH3+/ NH2
COO-
COOH
R-Group: OH, SH, CH3
Functional groups in nucleic acids - Answers - NH2 (nitrogenous base)
OH (sugars)
PO4 2-
Subgroups of carbohydrates - Answers - monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Subgroups of lipids - Answers - fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids
Subgroups of proteins - Answers - -soluble with polar R
-membrane with nonpolar R
Nucleic acids subgroups - Answers - DNA
RNA
Monosaccharides - Answers - 3-7 carbon long.
When will monosaccharides form rings? - Answers - Longer than 5 carbon and in water
, Condensation synthesis - Answers - forming a covalent bond between monomers by
removing an H2O molecule
What kinds of bonds is starch connected by? - Answers - Alpha 1, 4 linkages
How does a phospholipids structure relate to its function - Answers - Polar phosphate
group is hydrophilic and faces the water. Nonpolar tails of fatty acid chains face the
inside of the membrane. The nonpolar interior acts as a barrier against polar solutes.
How does carotenoids structure relate to its function - Answers - Functions to harvest
light at a particular wavelength. Double-bonded carbons also can accept protons or
electrons: helps as an antioxidant
How does cholestorol structure relate to function - Answers - Polar side is outside of
membrane and the rest (hydrocarbons) remain inside the membrane and affect the
fluidity of membranes. Highly nonpolar and can easily penetrate membranes.
Also serves as a precursor to steroid hormones.
Polar amino acid side groups - Answers - COO-
NH3+
OH
SH
Nonpolar side groups - Answers - CH3, CH2, rings
Polar - Answers - hydrophilic, soluble
Nonpolar - Answers - hydrophobic, insoluble
Charged polar side groups - Answers - COO-
NH3+
Uncharged side groups - Answers - OH
SH
Bonds that hold amino acids together - Answers - peptide bonds
Primary structure - Answers - amino acid sequence
Secondary structure - Answers - H-bonding between -C=O and NH groups of the
backbone. Forms alpha spiral and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure - Answers - all types of bonding and interactions between the side
chains: covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, van der waals
