NR566||NR 566 EXAM
QUESTION/ANSWERS IN ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF
THE FAMILY, PHARMACOLOGY
REVIEW / FNP REVIEW LATEST
UPDATE 2024/2025 GRADED A+
β-lactam antibiotic MOA (CORRECT ANSWER) All antibiotics in
class share the same mechanism of action: disruption of the bacterial cell
wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy (CORRECT ANSWER) start treatment without
cultures or prior to receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Critically ill
patients receive (Fill in the Answer) after the first set of cultures
obtained; do not wait for results.
Bactericidal antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Directly kill bacteria:
Agents include aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones,
metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and
vancomycin.
,preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes,
HIV, or cancer and for those who have overwhelming infections
Bacteriostatic agents (CORRECT ANSWER) inhibit bacterial
proliferation while the host's immune system does the killing. Agents
include clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Penicillins,
Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA (CORRECT ANSWER) Weaken bacterial cell wall by
two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) (CORRECT ANSWER)
Transpeptidases, Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes are
collectively named as because antibiotic class must bind to them to
produce antibacterial effects.
gram-positive bacteria (CORRECT ANSWER) two layers: the
cytoplasmic membrane and a relatively thick cell wall; penicillins are
generally very active against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria (CORRECT ANSWER) three layers: the
cytoplasmic membrane, a relatively thin cell wall, and an additional
,outer membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to
cross and reach penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins (CORRECT ANSWER) (1) narrow-
spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant
(antistaphylococcal penicillins)
(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins
(CORRECT ANSWER) Penicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens
(CORRECT ANSWER) Streptococci, Neisseria, anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against
penicillinase-producing strains of staphylococci (S. aureus and S.
epidermidis). (CORRECT ANSWER) narrow-spectrum penicillins:
penicillinase resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins
(CORRECT ANSWER) Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
, narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens
(CORRECT ANSWER) S. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections (CORRECT
ANSWER) penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins (CORRECT ANSWER)
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens (CORRECT
ANSWER) Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin)
(CORRECT ANSWER) Piperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased
activity against certain gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus
influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella (CORRECT
ANSWER) Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis (CORRECT ANSWER)
Amoxicillin
QUESTION/ANSWERS IN ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY FOR CARE OF
THE FAMILY, PHARMACOLOGY
REVIEW / FNP REVIEW LATEST
UPDATE 2024/2025 GRADED A+
β-lactam antibiotic MOA (CORRECT ANSWER) All antibiotics in
class share the same mechanism of action: disruption of the bacterial cell
wall.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Empiric Therapy (CORRECT ANSWER) start treatment without
cultures or prior to receiving the results of a culture
immediate empiric antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Critically ill
patients receive (Fill in the Answer) after the first set of cultures
obtained; do not wait for results.
Bactericidal antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Directly kill bacteria:
Agents include aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones,
metronidazole, most antimycobacterial agents, streptogramins, and
vancomycin.
,preferred for immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes,
HIV, or cancer and for those who have overwhelming infections
Bacteriostatic agents (CORRECT ANSWER) inhibit bacterial
proliferation while the host's immune system does the killing. Agents
include clindamycin, macrolides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines
β-lactam Antibiotics (CORRECT ANSWER) Penicillins,
Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
Penicillins MOA (CORRECT ANSWER) Weaken bacterial cell wall by
two actions:
(1) inhibition of transpeptidases
(2) disinhibition (activation) of autolysins.
PBPs (Penicillin Binding Proteins) (CORRECT ANSWER)
Transpeptidases, Autolysins, and other bacterial enzymes are
collectively named as because antibiotic class must bind to them to
produce antibacterial effects.
gram-positive bacteria (CORRECT ANSWER) two layers: the
cytoplasmic membrane and a relatively thick cell wall; penicillins are
generally very active against these organisms.
gram-negative bacteria (CORRECT ANSWER) three layers: the
cytoplasmic membrane, a relatively thin cell wall, and an additional
,outer membrane; only certain penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) are able to
cross and reach penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
Four Major Groups of Penicillins (CORRECT ANSWER) (1) narrow-
spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase sensitive
(2) narrow-spectrum penicillins that are penicillinase resistant
(antistaphylococcal penicillins)
(3) broad-spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins)
(4) extended-spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillins).
narrow-spectrum penicillins: Penicillinase sensitive penicillins
(CORRECT ANSWER) Penicillin G, Penicillin V
narrow-spectrum penicillinase sensitive susceptible pathogens
(CORRECT ANSWER) Streptococci, Neisseria, anaerobes
very narrow antimicrobial spectrum and are used only against
penicillinase-producing strains of staphylococci (S. aureus and S.
epidermidis). (CORRECT ANSWER) narrow-spectrum penicillins:
penicillinase resistant penicillins
narrow-spectrum penicillins: penicillinase resistant penicillins
(CORRECT ANSWER) Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin
, narrow-spectrum- penicillinase resistant susceptible pathogens
(CORRECT ANSWER) S. Aureus, S. Epidermidis
Drugs of choice for most staphylococcal infections (CORRECT
ANSWER) penicillinase-resistant penicillins (Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Dicloxacillin)
Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins (CORRECT ANSWER)
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
Broad spectrum Aminopenicillin susceptible pathogens (CORRECT
ANSWER) Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,
enterococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extended spectrum penicillins (antipseudomonal penicillin)
(CORRECT ANSWER) Piperacillin
Has the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin G, plus increased
activity against certain gram-negative bacilli, including Haemophilus
influenzae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella and Shigella (CORRECT
ANSWER) Broad spectrum Penicillin: Aminopenicillins
First line for acute otitis media and sinusitis (CORRECT ANSWER)
Amoxicillin
