NRS 631 COMPLETE MIDTERM EXAM 2025-2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia
Correct Answer: -Liver (Regeneration)
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate and action
potential.
Correct Answer: -Sodium gates open, sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
potential from negative to positive.
What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Correct Answer: -Caseous Necrosis
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure.
Correct Answer: -Plasma oncotic
When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from who.
Correct Answer: -Both parents are carriers
Describe the chromosomal defect related to Prader Willi syndrome.
Correct Answer: -Imprinting, Deletion, 4mb of chromosomes 15, inherited from
Father short structure, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obese, mild to moderate mental
retardation, hypogonadism.
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia
Correct Answer: -Caused by loss of H20, DM Insufficient H20 intake,
Hypertonic solution
Over secretion of Aldosterone
Cushing Syndrome because of adrenocorticotropic hormone
What are the cause of hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: -Excess diet or intravenous intake, RF, K+ sparing diuretics,
hypoaldosteronism, shift from ICF to ECF, metabolic acidosis
What are likely causes of respiratory acidosis
Correct Answer: -Depress of respiratory center, disorder of the lung parenchyma, alveolar
hypoventilation C02 is retained increase in H+, Co2 excess in blood
Over sedation, brainstem trauma
Pulmonary edema, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis
Acute airway obstruction- does not affect renal buffer mechanism
Chronic COPD-renal compensation is effective and established
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to
elevations of what leukocyte
Correct Answer: -Neutrophils
In which structure do B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to
becoming B cells
, Correct Answer: -Bone marrow
Which immunoglobulins is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions
Correct Answer: -IgA
Which T cell control our limits in the immune response to protect the host own tissue against
an autoimmune response
Correct Answer: -Regulatory T (Treg) cells
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a rxn that is mediated by class of
immunoglobulins
Correct Answer: -IgE
How many months does it take for the newborn to sufficiently protected by antibodies
produced by its own B cells
Correct Answer: -6-8 months
A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type) blood
contains with of the following
Correct Answer: -No antigens
Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical
mediators
Correct Answer: -Prostaglandin/endogenous pyrogens (213)
Which cells are primary target for HIV?
Correct Answer: -Neural cells, CD4th, macrophages, and NK cells
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what type of
hormonal event
Correct Answer: -Hormonal hyperplasia
Perceived stress elicits an emotional anticipatory response that begins where
Correct Answer: -Limbic system/ Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
The most common site for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location
Correct Answer: -Bone, especially spine, liver, adrenal gland, lung, lymph nodes
Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine secreted?
Correct Answer: -Sympathetic Post ganglion
Thyroid stimulating (TSH) is released to stimulate the thyroid hormone and is inhibited when
plasma levels are adequate. What is this an example of
Correct Answer: -Negative Feedback
What is the action of calcitonin
Correct Answer: -Stop calcium production or reduce the concentration of calcium in the
blood inhibits of bone reabsorbing osteoclasts used for treatment of osteoporosis, OA, Paget
bone disease, hypercalcemia, osteogenesis and metastatic cancer
Aldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of what
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia
Correct Answer: -Liver (Regeneration)
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate and action
potential.
Correct Answer: -Sodium gates open, sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
potential from negative to positive.
What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Correct Answer: -Caseous Necrosis
Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure.
Correct Answer: -Plasma oncotic
When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from who.
Correct Answer: -Both parents are carriers
Describe the chromosomal defect related to Prader Willi syndrome.
Correct Answer: -Imprinting, Deletion, 4mb of chromosomes 15, inherited from
Father short structure, hypotonia, small hands and feet, obese, mild to moderate mental
retardation, hypogonadism.
What mechanism can cause hypernatremia
Correct Answer: -Caused by loss of H20, DM Insufficient H20 intake,
Hypertonic solution
Over secretion of Aldosterone
Cushing Syndrome because of adrenocorticotropic hormone
What are the cause of hyperkalemia
Correct Answer: -Excess diet or intravenous intake, RF, K+ sparing diuretics,
hypoaldosteronism, shift from ICF to ECF, metabolic acidosis
What are likely causes of respiratory acidosis
Correct Answer: -Depress of respiratory center, disorder of the lung parenchyma, alveolar
hypoventilation C02 is retained increase in H+, Co2 excess in blood
Over sedation, brainstem trauma
Pulmonary edema, emphysema, asthma, bronchitis
Acute airway obstruction- does not affect renal buffer mechanism
Chronic COPD-renal compensation is effective and established
When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to
elevations of what leukocyte
Correct Answer: -Neutrophils
In which structure do B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to
becoming B cells
, Correct Answer: -Bone marrow
Which immunoglobulins is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions
Correct Answer: -IgA
Which T cell control our limits in the immune response to protect the host own tissue against
an autoimmune response
Correct Answer: -Regulatory T (Treg) cells
The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a rxn that is mediated by class of
immunoglobulins
Correct Answer: -IgE
How many months does it take for the newborn to sufficiently protected by antibodies
produced by its own B cells
Correct Answer: -6-8 months
A person with type O blood is considered to be the universal blood donor because type) blood
contains with of the following
Correct Answer: -No antigens
Cytokines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chemical
mediators
Correct Answer: -Prostaglandin/endogenous pyrogens (213)
Which cells are primary target for HIV?
Correct Answer: -Neural cells, CD4th, macrophages, and NK cells
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what type of
hormonal event
Correct Answer: -Hormonal hyperplasia
Perceived stress elicits an emotional anticipatory response that begins where
Correct Answer: -Limbic system/ Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
The most common site for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location
Correct Answer: -Bone, especially spine, liver, adrenal gland, lung, lymph nodes
Where is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine secreted?
Correct Answer: -Sympathetic Post ganglion
Thyroid stimulating (TSH) is released to stimulate the thyroid hormone and is inhibited when
plasma levels are adequate. What is this an example of
Correct Answer: -Negative Feedback
What is the action of calcitonin
Correct Answer: -Stop calcium production or reduce the concentration of calcium in the
blood inhibits of bone reabsorbing osteoclasts used for treatment of osteoporosis, OA, Paget
bone disease, hypercalcemia, osteogenesis and metastatic cancer
Aldosterone directly increases the reabsorption of what
