Animal Physiology Exam with correct
answers
What are the 2 fluid compartments of the body? What 2 sub-types of the second compartment is
there? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. intracellular fluids
2. extracellular fluids (interstitial fluid, blood plasma)
Describe the composition of body fluid (3). (point 2 has 3 sub-points) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔- water
- large molecules
-> carbohydrates: sugars
-> proteins: enzymes
-> fats: fatty acids
- electrolytes: inorganic ions and salts
What are the 3 types of regulation of blood plasma? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- osmotic
regulation
- ionic regulation
- volume regulation
Define osmoregulation. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The maintenance of nearly constant
osmotic pressure in body fluids regardless of the osmotic pressure of the external environment
Define isosmotic, hyposmotic and hyperosmotic. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔isosmotic: two
solutions with the same osmotic pressure
hyposmotic: when one solution (eg freshwater) has a lower osmotic pressure than another (eg blood
of teleost fish --> water flows into fish)
,hyperosmotic: when one solution (eg seawater) has a greater osmotic pressure than another (eg
blood of a marine teleost fish --> water flows out of the fish)
Define osmolarity.
1 molar glucose solution = __ osmolar solution
1 molar NaCl solution = __ smolar solution - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The moles of
osmotically active particles per litre of solvent.
glucose --> 1
NaCl --> 2
Why is osmoregulation necessary? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- if permeability is too great
osmotic swelling (lysis) or dessication
How do salts penetrate an organism? Why is there still movement when osmotic pressure is equal
internally and externally? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- as ions
- ionic movements due to electrochemical gradients
What is ionic regulation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔maintenance of nearly constant inorganic
ion concentration in blood plasma
What is the 1 stage process of ionic regulation in unicellular/simple multicellular organisms? What
is the 2 stages of ionic regulation in multicellular organisms? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔unicellular: between environment and cells
multicellular with circulating body fluids:
- between environment and body fluids (interstitial fluids and plasma)
,- between body fluids and cytosol of cells
What is volume regulation? What example did we talk about in class? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔regulation of amount of water in a body fluid
ex. blue crab when it wants to rid of its shell (molting) it stops volume regulation so it swells and
shell falls of - when its not molting there is volume regulation
Osmo-, ionic and volume regulation are interrelated. Describe their effects in freshwater fish of
taking H2O from its dilute environment. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- osmoregulation: lower
osmotic pressure of fish's blood plasma
- ionic regulation: dilute ions in fish's blood plasma
- volume regulation: increase volume of water in fish's blood plasma
Give an example of a blood osmotic conformer and regulator. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔regulator: shrimp
conformer: mussel
in between: green crab (regulates at first then conforms)
Define:
- euryhaline
- stenohaline - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔euryhaline: able to live over a wide range of salinities
stenohaline: tolerates narrow range of salinities
Euryhaline and stenohaline species can be:
osmoconformers (poikilosmotic)
osmoregulators (homiosmotic)
, Define each. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔osmoconformer: blood osmotic pressure varies with
environmental OP
osmoregulator: maintains relatively constant OP
Define:
euryhaline osmoconformers
stenohaline osmoconformers
euryhaline osmoregulators
stenohaline osmoregulators - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- euryhaline osmoconformers: allows
osmolarity to decrease parallel with water until death
- stenohaline osmoconformers: dies after very modest osmotic disruption
- euryhaline osmoregulators: defends a nearly constant internal state but eventually succumbs
- stenohaline osmoregulators: can defend its internal osmolarity over a narrow range of external
osmolarities
Osmoregulation in hyopsomtic environments applies to _____ animals.
Osmolarity of body fluid > environment, which results in .. (2)
Where is the major site that this occurs? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔freshwater
influx of water
efflux of salt
gills (major site of water gain/ion loss)
answers
What are the 2 fluid compartments of the body? What 2 sub-types of the second compartment is
there? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1. intracellular fluids
2. extracellular fluids (interstitial fluid, blood plasma)
Describe the composition of body fluid (3). (point 2 has 3 sub-points) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔- water
- large molecules
-> carbohydrates: sugars
-> proteins: enzymes
-> fats: fatty acids
- electrolytes: inorganic ions and salts
What are the 3 types of regulation of blood plasma? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- osmotic
regulation
- ionic regulation
- volume regulation
Define osmoregulation. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The maintenance of nearly constant
osmotic pressure in body fluids regardless of the osmotic pressure of the external environment
Define isosmotic, hyposmotic and hyperosmotic. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔isosmotic: two
solutions with the same osmotic pressure
hyposmotic: when one solution (eg freshwater) has a lower osmotic pressure than another (eg blood
of teleost fish --> water flows into fish)
,hyperosmotic: when one solution (eg seawater) has a greater osmotic pressure than another (eg
blood of a marine teleost fish --> water flows out of the fish)
Define osmolarity.
1 molar glucose solution = __ osmolar solution
1 molar NaCl solution = __ smolar solution - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The moles of
osmotically active particles per litre of solvent.
glucose --> 1
NaCl --> 2
Why is osmoregulation necessary? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- if permeability is too great
osmotic swelling (lysis) or dessication
How do salts penetrate an organism? Why is there still movement when osmotic pressure is equal
internally and externally? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- as ions
- ionic movements due to electrochemical gradients
What is ionic regulation - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔maintenance of nearly constant inorganic
ion concentration in blood plasma
What is the 1 stage process of ionic regulation in unicellular/simple multicellular organisms? What
is the 2 stages of ionic regulation in multicellular organisms? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔unicellular: between environment and cells
multicellular with circulating body fluids:
- between environment and body fluids (interstitial fluids and plasma)
,- between body fluids and cytosol of cells
What is volume regulation? What example did we talk about in class? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔regulation of amount of water in a body fluid
ex. blue crab when it wants to rid of its shell (molting) it stops volume regulation so it swells and
shell falls of - when its not molting there is volume regulation
Osmo-, ionic and volume regulation are interrelated. Describe their effects in freshwater fish of
taking H2O from its dilute environment. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- osmoregulation: lower
osmotic pressure of fish's blood plasma
- ionic regulation: dilute ions in fish's blood plasma
- volume regulation: increase volume of water in fish's blood plasma
Give an example of a blood osmotic conformer and regulator. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS
**✔✔regulator: shrimp
conformer: mussel
in between: green crab (regulates at first then conforms)
Define:
- euryhaline
- stenohaline - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔euryhaline: able to live over a wide range of salinities
stenohaline: tolerates narrow range of salinities
Euryhaline and stenohaline species can be:
osmoconformers (poikilosmotic)
osmoregulators (homiosmotic)
, Define each. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔osmoconformer: blood osmotic pressure varies with
environmental OP
osmoregulator: maintains relatively constant OP
Define:
euryhaline osmoconformers
stenohaline osmoconformers
euryhaline osmoregulators
stenohaline osmoregulators - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔- euryhaline osmoconformers: allows
osmolarity to decrease parallel with water until death
- stenohaline osmoconformers: dies after very modest osmotic disruption
- euryhaline osmoregulators: defends a nearly constant internal state but eventually succumbs
- stenohaline osmoregulators: can defend its internal osmolarity over a narrow range of external
osmolarities
Osmoregulation in hyopsomtic environments applies to _____ animals.
Osmolarity of body fluid > environment, which results in .. (2)
Where is the major site that this occurs? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔freshwater
influx of water
efflux of salt
gills (major site of water gain/ion loss)
