A&P - Module 2 - Problem Set

All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus? - answer-All sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) are channeled through the thalamus. Be able to label and recognize all nerves in bold. For example, what nerve is highlighted in blue, below: (see module problem set) - answer-Phrenic nerve Compression of the ____ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome. - answer-Median nerve Compression of the _____ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign. - answer-Ulnar nerve Describe a nerve plexus and list the 4 body nerve plexuses. - answer-A nerve plexus is a network of interconnecting spinal nerves carried together to some target location. Major plexuses include the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated tissues and fluids. - answer-The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Describe the brain meninges and the layers. - answer-The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The inner pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain. Describe the cerebrum. - answer-The foremost part of the brain; largest part of the brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The gray matter of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells. Describe the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white matter of the cord is composed of myelinated and un-myelinated nerve fibers. Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves after leaving the vertebral column. - answer-Almost immediately after emerging from the vertebral column, a spinal nerve divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. The smaller dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk including the skin and muscles of the back. The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs. Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves within the vertebral column. - answer-Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short roots, the dorsal root which contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct impulses to the cord and the ventral root which contains the axons of efferent motor neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column. Describe the effects caused by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on heart blood vessels, the lungs and the digestive tract. - answer-The parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart blood vessels, constricts bronchioles of the lungs and increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters of the digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system dilates heart blood vessels, dilates bronchioles of the lungs and decreases the activity of and constricts the sphincters of the digestive tract. Describe the function of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white matter fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or within) the cord carrying motor outputs. Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum. - answer-The frontal lobe controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making. The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions. The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain. The occipital lobe interprets visual input. The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling. Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum. - answer-below and at the back of the brain; divided into 2 hemispheres w/ deep fissures subdividing it into 3 lobes Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles. - answer-4 ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is produced there. Describe the spinal cord and its extension. - answer-The spinal cord extends from the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1is a collection of nerve roots called the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx. Explain in detail how the sympathetic nervous system functions during an emergency. - answer-During an emergency, the sympathetic system accelerates the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate supplying needed oxygen and causes the liver to deliver more glucose and inhibits the digestive tract.65. The parasympathetic system promotes all the internal responses we associate with a relaxed state. Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid. - answer-B/c of the limbic system involved. The limbic system communicates w/ all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory. For each of the following cranial nerves, list its name, type and what it controls. - answer-- 1st - Olfactory - Sensory - Sense of smell - 2nd - Optic - Sensory - Sense of sight - 3rd - Oculomotor - Motor (Somatic and visceral) Eye movement, Visceral motor= pupil dilation - 4th - Trochlear - somatic motor- Eye movement - 5th - Trigeminal - Motor and sensory - Chewing and sensation of face, nose, and mouth - 6th - Abducens - Motor - Eye movement - 7th - Facial - Somatic and Visceral Motor and sensory - Facial expressions and