©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
NURS3300 Fluids & Electrolytes Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What does water do? (4) - answer✔- Lubricates
- Carries waste and O2 around body
- Regulates temperature
- Aids in food digestion
5 Water Facts - answer✔- Primary component of the body
- 50-60% of adult body weight is water
- % of water is > in men
- Fat cells contain < water than lean muscle
- 1 L of water = 2.2 lb = 1 kg
What is average I&O of water? - answer✔- 2000-3000 mL
- 1500mL output is urine
- 600-900mL output is insensible loss
- GI secretes ~8000mL digestive fluids that are reabsorbed
Describe simple diffusion - answer✔- requires no energy
- movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- movement stops when concentration is = on both sides
Describe facilitated diffusion - answer✔- requires no energy
- facilitated by a "carrier" molecule
- movement of molecules from high to low concentration
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, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
- movement stops when concentration is = on both sides
Describe active transport - answer✔- energy (ATP) is required
- molecules move against concentration gradient
- used when it is necessary to maintain higher or lower levels of molecules on a particular side
of the membrane
- ex: sodium-potassium pump
Describe osmosis - answer✔- movement of water from a less concentrated compartment to
more concentrated compartment
- movement stops when concentration is equal or hydrostatic pressure prevents movement
Describe hydrostatic pressure - answer✔- force within fluid compartment
- hydrostatic pressure = blood pressure
- major force that pushes water out of vessel at capillary level
Describe oncotic pressure - answer✔- pressure exerted by colloids in solution
- protein (albumin) major molecule responsible
- attracts water, pulls it from tissues into vascular space
Define isotonic solution - answer✔solutions with same osmolality of fluid in the cell
Define hypertonic solution - answer✔solutions with > osmolality than interior of cells (shrink
cell, pull water from cell)
Define hypotonic solution - answer✔solutions with < osmolality than interior of cells (expand
cell, give for dehydration)
List 3 extracellular compartments - answer✔1. interstitial (between cells)
2. intravascular (in blood vessels)
3. transcellular (specialized areas , ie. pericardial sac)
List 3 theories of fluid spacing - answer✔1st spacing (normal)
2nd spacing (edema, accumulation in interstitial space)
3rd spacing (accumulation in transcellular space)
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
4 forces that move fluid between capillaries and interstitium - answer✔- capillary hydrostatic
pressure
- plasma oncotic pressure
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- interstitial oncotic pressure (low)
How does water move out of arterial capillaries? - answer✔- capillary hydrostatic pressure
pushes fluid out
- interstitial oncotic pressure pulls fluid into tissues
How does water move into venous capillaries? - answer✔- plasma oncotic pressure pulls fluids
into venous capillaries
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of tissues
What contributes to edema? - answer✔- any increase in capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
will prevent uptake of fluid (ie fluid overload, HF, liver failure)
- decrease in plasma oncotic pressure (protein low due to malnutrition)
- increase interstitial oncotic pressure (trauma, burns allow proteins to leak out of capillary
walls and into interstitium)
How to correct edema? - answer✔1. Assess & correct underlying problem
2. Give hypertonic IV (pull water out of interstitium)
3. Apply pressure with compression devices (push water back to vessels) Ex. TED hose
Describe hypothalamic regulation - answer✔- increase plasma osmolality or FVD is sensed by
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
- stimulates thirst & release of ADH
- ADH stimulates H2O retention in kidneys by making distal convoluted tubules & collecting
ducts permeable to H2O
- H20 is conserved to correct FVD or decrease plasma osmolality
Describe adrenal cortex regulation - answer✔- hypothalamus releases CRH which acts on
anterior pituitary gland
- anterior pituitary releases adrenocortico-tropic hormone which acts on adrenal cortex
3|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
NURS3300 Fluids & Electrolytes Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What does water do? (4) - answer✔- Lubricates
- Carries waste and O2 around body
- Regulates temperature
- Aids in food digestion
5 Water Facts - answer✔- Primary component of the body
- 50-60% of adult body weight is water
- % of water is > in men
- Fat cells contain < water than lean muscle
- 1 L of water = 2.2 lb = 1 kg
What is average I&O of water? - answer✔- 2000-3000 mL
- 1500mL output is urine
- 600-900mL output is insensible loss
- GI secretes ~8000mL digestive fluids that are reabsorbed
Describe simple diffusion - answer✔- requires no energy
- movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- movement stops when concentration is = on both sides
Describe facilitated diffusion - answer✔- requires no energy
- facilitated by a "carrier" molecule
- movement of molecules from high to low concentration
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
- movement stops when concentration is = on both sides
Describe active transport - answer✔- energy (ATP) is required
- molecules move against concentration gradient
- used when it is necessary to maintain higher or lower levels of molecules on a particular side
of the membrane
- ex: sodium-potassium pump
Describe osmosis - answer✔- movement of water from a less concentrated compartment to
more concentrated compartment
- movement stops when concentration is equal or hydrostatic pressure prevents movement
Describe hydrostatic pressure - answer✔- force within fluid compartment
- hydrostatic pressure = blood pressure
- major force that pushes water out of vessel at capillary level
Describe oncotic pressure - answer✔- pressure exerted by colloids in solution
- protein (albumin) major molecule responsible
- attracts water, pulls it from tissues into vascular space
Define isotonic solution - answer✔solutions with same osmolality of fluid in the cell
Define hypertonic solution - answer✔solutions with > osmolality than interior of cells (shrink
cell, pull water from cell)
Define hypotonic solution - answer✔solutions with < osmolality than interior of cells (expand
cell, give for dehydration)
List 3 extracellular compartments - answer✔1. interstitial (between cells)
2. intravascular (in blood vessels)
3. transcellular (specialized areas , ie. pericardial sac)
List 3 theories of fluid spacing - answer✔1st spacing (normal)
2nd spacing (edema, accumulation in interstitial space)
3rd spacing (accumulation in transcellular space)
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
4 forces that move fluid between capillaries and interstitium - answer✔- capillary hydrostatic
pressure
- plasma oncotic pressure
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- interstitial oncotic pressure (low)
How does water move out of arterial capillaries? - answer✔- capillary hydrostatic pressure
pushes fluid out
- interstitial oncotic pressure pulls fluid into tissues
How does water move into venous capillaries? - answer✔- plasma oncotic pressure pulls fluids
into venous capillaries
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of tissues
What contributes to edema? - answer✔- any increase in capillary venous hydrostatic pressure
will prevent uptake of fluid (ie fluid overload, HF, liver failure)
- decrease in plasma oncotic pressure (protein low due to malnutrition)
- increase interstitial oncotic pressure (trauma, burns allow proteins to leak out of capillary
walls and into interstitium)
How to correct edema? - answer✔1. Assess & correct underlying problem
2. Give hypertonic IV (pull water out of interstitium)
3. Apply pressure with compression devices (push water back to vessels) Ex. TED hose
Describe hypothalamic regulation - answer✔- increase plasma osmolality or FVD is sensed by
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
- stimulates thirst & release of ADH
- ADH stimulates H2O retention in kidneys by making distal convoluted tubules & collecting
ducts permeable to H2O
- H20 is conserved to correct FVD or decrease plasma osmolality
Describe adrenal cortex regulation - answer✔- hypothalamus releases CRH which acts on
anterior pituitary gland
- anterior pituitary releases adrenocortico-tropic hormone which acts on adrenal cortex
3|Page
