PSYCHOLOGICAL STATISTICS EXAM 1
(CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Statistics dd- ddAnswer dda ddbranch ddof ddmathematics ddused ddto ddsummarize, ddanalyze,
ddand ddinterpret dda ddgroup ddof ddnumbers ddor ddobservations
Data dd- ddAnswer dd(plural) ddare ddmeasurements ddor ddobservations ddthat ddare
ddtypically ddnumeric; dda dddatum dd(singular) ddis dda ddsingle ddmeasurement ddor
ddobservation, ddusually ddreferred ddto ddas dda ddscore ddor ddraw ddscore
Descriptive ddStatistics dd- ddAnswer ddare ddprocedures ddused ddto ddsummarize,
ddorganize, ddand ddmake ddsense ddof dda ddset ddof ddscores ddor ddobservations dd
- ddtypically ddpresented ddgraphically, ddin ddtables, ddor dda ddsummary
Inferential ddStatistics dd- ddAnswer ddare ddprocedures ddused ddthat ddallow ddresearchers
ddto ddinfer ddor ddgeneralize ddobservations ddmade ddwith ddsamples ddto ddthe ddlarger
ddpopulation ddfrom ddwhich ddthey ddwere ddselected
Population dd- ddAnswer ddthe ddset ddof ddall ddindividuals, dditems, ddor dddata ddof ddinterest;
ddthis ddis ddthe ddgroup ddscientists ddwill ddgeneralize
Population ddParameter dd- ddAnswer dda ddcharacteristic dd(usually ddnumeric) ddthat
dddescribes dda ddpopulation
Sample dd- ddAnswer dda ddset ddof ddindividuals, dditems, ddor dddata ddselected ddfrom dda
ddpopulation ddof ddinterest
Sample ddStatistic dd- ddAnswer dda ddcharacteristic ddthat dddescribes dda ddsample
Science dd- ddAnswer ddstudy ddof ddphenomena, ddsuch ddas ddbehavior, ddthrough ddstrict
ddobservation, ddevaluation, ddinterpretation, ddand ddtheoretical ddexplanation
Research ddMethod/ ddScientific ddMethod dd- ddAnswer dda ddset ddof ddsystematic
ddtechniques ddused ddto ddacquire. ddmodify, ddand ddintegrate ddknowledge ddconcerning
ddobservable ddand ddmeasurable ddphenomena
, Experiment dd- ddAnswer dduse ddof ddmethods ddand ddprocedures ddto ddmake
ddobservations ddin ddwhich ddthe ddresearcher ddfully ddcontrols ddthe ddconditions ddand
ddexperiences ddof ddparticipants ddby ddapplying ddthree ddrequired ddelements ddof
ddcontrol dd(manipulation, ddrandomization, ddand ddcomparison/control) ddto ddisolate
ddcause-and-effect ddrelationships ddbetween ddvariables
Random ddAssignment dd- ddAnswer dda ddrandom ddprocedure ddused ddto ddensure ddthat
ddparticipants ddin dda ddstudy ddhave ddan ddequal ddchance ddof ddbeing ddassigned ddto dda
ddparticular ddgroup ddor ddcondition
Independent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddvariable ddthat ddis ddmanipulated ddin ddan
ddexperiment; ddremains ddunchanged ddbetween ddconditions ddbeing ddobserved ddin ddan
ddexperiment
Dependent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddvariable ddthat ddis ddmeasured ddin ddeach ddgroup
ddof dda ddstudy, ddand ddis ddbelieved ddto ddchange ddin ddthe ddpresence ddof ddthe
ddindependent ddvariable
Operational ddDefinition dd- ddAnswer dddescription ddof ddsome ddobservable ddevent ddin
ddterms ddof ddthe ddspecific ddprocess ddor ddmanner ddby ddwhich ddit ddwas ddobserved ddor
ddmeasured
Quasi-Independent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer dda ddpreexisting ddvariable ddthat ddis ddoften
dda ddcharacteristic ddinherent ddto ddan ddindividual, ddwhich dddifferentiates ddthe ddgroups
ddor ddconditions ddbeing ddcompared ddin ddresearch ddstudy
are ddrules ddfor ddhow ddthe ddproperties ddof ddnumbers ddcan ddchange ddwith dddifferent
dduses dd- ddAnswer ddScales ddof ddMeasurement
Nominal ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddin ddwhich dda ddnumber ddis
ddassigned ddto ddrepresent ddsomething ddor ddsomeone
Ordinal ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddthat ddconvey ddorder ddor ddrank
ddalone
Interval ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddthat ddhave ddno ddtrue ddzero ddand
ddare dddistributed ddin ddequal ddunits
True ddZero dd- ddAnswer ddwhen ddthe ddvalue dd0 ddtruly ddindicates ddnothing ddon dda
ddscale ddof ddmeasurement; ddinterval ddscales dddo ddnot ddhave dda ddtrue ddzero
Continuous ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddmeasured ddalong dda ddcontinuum ddat ddany ddplace
ddbeyond ddthe dddecimal ddpoint; ddcan ddbe ddmeasured ddin ddfractional ddunits
Discrete ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddmeasured ddin ddwhole ddunits ddor ddcategories ddthat
ddare ddnot dddistributed ddalong dda ddcontinuum
(CHAPTERS 1-4) QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Statistics dd- ddAnswer dda ddbranch ddof ddmathematics ddused ddto ddsummarize, ddanalyze,
ddand ddinterpret dda ddgroup ddof ddnumbers ddor ddobservations
Data dd- ddAnswer dd(plural) ddare ddmeasurements ddor ddobservations ddthat ddare
ddtypically ddnumeric; dda dddatum dd(singular) ddis dda ddsingle ddmeasurement ddor
ddobservation, ddusually ddreferred ddto ddas dda ddscore ddor ddraw ddscore
Descriptive ddStatistics dd- ddAnswer ddare ddprocedures ddused ddto ddsummarize,
ddorganize, ddand ddmake ddsense ddof dda ddset ddof ddscores ddor ddobservations dd
- ddtypically ddpresented ddgraphically, ddin ddtables, ddor dda ddsummary
Inferential ddStatistics dd- ddAnswer ddare ddprocedures ddused ddthat ddallow ddresearchers
ddto ddinfer ddor ddgeneralize ddobservations ddmade ddwith ddsamples ddto ddthe ddlarger
ddpopulation ddfrom ddwhich ddthey ddwere ddselected
Population dd- ddAnswer ddthe ddset ddof ddall ddindividuals, dditems, ddor dddata ddof ddinterest;
ddthis ddis ddthe ddgroup ddscientists ddwill ddgeneralize
Population ddParameter dd- ddAnswer dda ddcharacteristic dd(usually ddnumeric) ddthat
dddescribes dda ddpopulation
Sample dd- ddAnswer dda ddset ddof ddindividuals, dditems, ddor dddata ddselected ddfrom dda
ddpopulation ddof ddinterest
Sample ddStatistic dd- ddAnswer dda ddcharacteristic ddthat dddescribes dda ddsample
Science dd- ddAnswer ddstudy ddof ddphenomena, ddsuch ddas ddbehavior, ddthrough ddstrict
ddobservation, ddevaluation, ddinterpretation, ddand ddtheoretical ddexplanation
Research ddMethod/ ddScientific ddMethod dd- ddAnswer dda ddset ddof ddsystematic
ddtechniques ddused ddto ddacquire. ddmodify, ddand ddintegrate ddknowledge ddconcerning
ddobservable ddand ddmeasurable ddphenomena
, Experiment dd- ddAnswer dduse ddof ddmethods ddand ddprocedures ddto ddmake
ddobservations ddin ddwhich ddthe ddresearcher ddfully ddcontrols ddthe ddconditions ddand
ddexperiences ddof ddparticipants ddby ddapplying ddthree ddrequired ddelements ddof
ddcontrol dd(manipulation, ddrandomization, ddand ddcomparison/control) ddto ddisolate
ddcause-and-effect ddrelationships ddbetween ddvariables
Random ddAssignment dd- ddAnswer dda ddrandom ddprocedure ddused ddto ddensure ddthat
ddparticipants ddin dda ddstudy ddhave ddan ddequal ddchance ddof ddbeing ddassigned ddto dda
ddparticular ddgroup ddor ddcondition
Independent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddvariable ddthat ddis ddmanipulated ddin ddan
ddexperiment; ddremains ddunchanged ddbetween ddconditions ddbeing ddobserved ddin ddan
ddexperiment
Dependent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddvariable ddthat ddis ddmeasured ddin ddeach ddgroup
ddof dda ddstudy, ddand ddis ddbelieved ddto ddchange ddin ddthe ddpresence ddof ddthe
ddindependent ddvariable
Operational ddDefinition dd- ddAnswer dddescription ddof ddsome ddobservable ddevent ddin
ddterms ddof ddthe ddspecific ddprocess ddor ddmanner ddby ddwhich ddit ddwas ddobserved ddor
ddmeasured
Quasi-Independent ddVariable dd- ddAnswer dda ddpreexisting ddvariable ddthat ddis ddoften
dda ddcharacteristic ddinherent ddto ddan ddindividual, ddwhich dddifferentiates ddthe ddgroups
ddor ddconditions ddbeing ddcompared ddin ddresearch ddstudy
are ddrules ddfor ddhow ddthe ddproperties ddof ddnumbers ddcan ddchange ddwith dddifferent
dduses dd- ddAnswer ddScales ddof ddMeasurement
Nominal ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddin ddwhich dda ddnumber ddis
ddassigned ddto ddrepresent ddsomething ddor ddsomeone
Ordinal ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddthat ddconvey ddorder ddor ddrank
ddalone
Interval ddScales dd- ddAnswer ddare ddmeasurements ddthat ddhave ddno ddtrue ddzero ddand
ddare dddistributed ddin ddequal ddunits
True ddZero dd- ddAnswer ddwhen ddthe ddvalue dd0 ddtruly ddindicates ddnothing ddon dda
ddscale ddof ddmeasurement; ddinterval ddscales dddo ddnot ddhave dda ddtrue ddzero
Continuous ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddmeasured ddalong dda ddcontinuum ddat ddany ddplace
ddbeyond ddthe dddecimal ddpoint; ddcan ddbe ddmeasured ddin ddfractional ddunits
Discrete ddVariable dd- ddAnswer ddmeasured ddin ddwhole ddunits ddor ddcategories ddthat
ddare ddnot dddistributed ddalong dda ddcontinuum
