Comd 5070 exam 2 study guide

affricates - answer-shorter than fricative, longer then stop C to V transition - answer-F1 will increase Difference of pressure from below and above the larynx (pressure below-pressure above) - answer-Transglottal pressure duration of a CV transition - answer-about 50ms fricatives - answer-longer than stops How can we compute an estimate of laryngeal resistance - answer-Measuring the flow with a pnuemotach mask by estimating the subglottic pressure during the closure for "p" when you measure oral air pressure How can we get direct measures of subglottal pressure - answer--Tracheal puncture -Esophageal pressure How can you get a reasonable estimate of subglottal pressure? - answer-Measuring intraoral air pressure when the pressure in the mouth is the same as the pressure below the larynx, which is when the person produces a "p" and vowel: PA PA PA How do formants change during speech? - answer-some frequencies in a given range are amplified in their amplitude and are more prominent than any other sounds in the spectrum **reflects the way the vocal tract is shaping the sound that the larynx gave to it** How do formants differ for men women and children - answer--Men's vocal tracts are largest which alternates the frequencies -Children have highest formant frequencies (smallest structures) How do the numbers reflect our perception of intonation in speech - answer-using semitones reflects our perception of speech more closely How do the rib cage and abdomen move as we speak - answer--inhale: rib cage and abdomen expand -exhale: rib cage and abdomen contract How do we measure exhaled volume - answer-A Spirometer- Helps calculate FEV1 (Forces exhibitory volume in one second) How do you calculate frequency? - answer-f=1/p How do you calculate period? - answer-1/f0 How do you calculate the average air flow (volume velocity) - answer-volume/time How do you change the loudness of the source - answer--provide more pressure from the lungs to the larynx How do you change the pitch of the source - answer--stretching the vocal folds which changes the intensity of how the vibrate how do you change the voice quality of the sound source - answer-- adjusting the space between the vocal folds *specifically between the arytenoids How do you measure the transglottal pressure - answer-pressure below-pressure above How does a u-tube manometer work? - answer-Pressure will displace the water and the displacement can then be measured by measuring the difference in height How does dehydration influence phonation threshold pressure - answer-if vocal folds are dried out, they are less flexible and requires an increase in the amount of pressure needed to make them move How does resistance determine how much air flows through the larynx - answer--higher resistance means lower flow; -lower resistance means higher flow how does the laryngeal devoicing gesture equalize pressure between trachea and mouth - answer-When vocal folds abduct, the trachea and mouth are linked, which causes the pressure to equalize very quickly (no pressure drop at larynx) How does vocal fatigue influence phonation threshold pressure - answer-Vocal folds become slightly swollen, which requires more pressure to get them to oscillate. How much subglottal pressure is enough for speaking? - answer-normal speech: 5-7 cmH2O very loud speech: 15-20 cmH2O If measuring pressure on lung side of a fricative constriction /s/ what would pressure be like? - answer-much higher than atmospheric pressure. If you were to produce a stop consonant, like a /t/ or a /d/, pressure would be higher or lower than a fricative? - answer-higher than a fricative Loft register - answer--"falsetto" -vocal folds are stretched tightly -high end of f0 range -cover of vocal folds oscillate medially -little/no involvement of TA in vibration -oscillation almost sinusoidal modal register - answer--"chest voice" -typical speaking voice -used in mid range singing -wide dynamic range -whole mass of vocal fold oscillates Ohm's law states: - answer-Pressure, flow, and resistance are all linear related to one another place of articulation determines - answer-spectral shape place, manner and voicing of stops - answer-place: bilabial manner: brief closure of the vocal tract voicing: voiced or voiceless pressure, flow and resistance equation - answer-pressure=flow x resistance resistance = pressure/flow Pulse register - answer--"vocal fry" -pulsate quality -occurs at a very low F0 range -vocal folds relatively slack -low driving pressure from lungs -limited pitch and loudness range T or F: Many lesions stiffen the mucosa lining of the vocal folds - answer-True T or F: you can measure Psub and estimate Flow - answer-Falsee...you can estimate Psub and measure flow transient and friction of stops - answer--air pressure builds behind closure -transient- first burst of air -frication-air flows through narrow gap **often hard to seperate transition of stops - answer-vocal tract adjusts for next sound. True or false: Differential pressure increases with flow - answer-true True or False: The physiology never changes across registers - answer-False: vocal quality does change at pitch extremes and physiology does change across registers